ASTM D2509-93(1998)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measurement of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricating Grease (Timken Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricating Grease (Timken Method)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying capacity of lubricating greases by means of the Timken Extreme Pressure Tester.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.> For specific precautionary statements see Notes 1, 2, and 4.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: D 2509 – 93 (Reapproved 1998) An American National Standard
Designation: 326/83 (88)
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricating
Grease (Timken Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2509; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This test method was adopted as an ASTM-IP Standard.
1. Scope when there is a breakdown of the lubricant film, scoring or
surface failure of the test block takes place as shown in Fig. 1.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-
In its simplest and recognized form, scoring is characterized by
carrying capacity of lubricating greases by means of the
a wide scar on the test block and by the transfer of metal from
Timken Extreme Pressure Tester.
the test block to the contacting surface of the test cup. The form
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
of surface failure more usually encountered, however, consists
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
of a comparatively smooth scar, which shows local damage
only.
that usually extends beyond the width of the scar. Scratches or
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
striations that occur in an otherwise smooth scar and that do not
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
extend beyond the width of the scar are not considered scoring
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
in this test method.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.3 seizure or welding, n—localized fusion of rubbing
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
metal, usually indicated by streaks of transferred metal, in-
precautionary statements see Note 1, Note 2, and Note 4.
creased friction and wear, or unusual noise and vibration.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.4 wear, n—the removal of metal from a rubbing surface
by mechanical action, or by a combination of mechanical and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
chemical actions.
D 235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
3.2.1 OK value, n—the maximum mass (weight) added to
D 329 Specification for Acetone
the load lever mass (weight) pan, at which no scoring or
3. Terminology
seizure occurs.
3.2.2 score value, n—the minimum mass (weight) added to
3.1 Definitions:
the load lever mass (weight) pan, at which scoring or seizure
3.1.1 load-carrying capacity, of a lubricating grease,
occurs.
n—the maximum load or pressure that can be sustained by a
lubricating grease without failure of the sliding contact sur-
4. Summary of Test Method
faces as evidenced by seizure or welding.
4.1 The tester is operated with a steel test cup rotating
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The values of load carrying capacity of
against a steel test block. The rotating speed is 123.71 6 0.77
a lubricating grease vary according to test method.
m/min (405.88 6 2.54 ft/min) which is equivalent to a spindle
3.1.2 scoring, in tribology, n—a severe form of wear
speed of 800 6 5 rpm. Grease samples are brought to and
characterized by the formation of extensive grooves and
applied at 24 6 6°C (75 6 10°F).
scratches in the direction of sliding.
4.2 Two determinations are made: the minimum load (score
3.1.2.1 Discussion—When the lubricant film is substantially
value) that will rupture the lubricant film being tested between
maintained, a smooth scar is obtained on the test block, but
the rotating cup and the stationary block and cause abrasion;
and the maximum load (OK value) at which the rotating cup
This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
will not rupture the lubricant film and cause abrasion between
Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.G on
Lubricating Grease.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1993. Published May 1993. Originally
published as D 2509 – 66 T. Last previous edition D 2509 – 91. Glossy prints of Fig. 1 are available from ASTM. Request Adjunct No.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04. ADJD2509.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2509
FIG. 1 Test Blocks Showing Various Types of Scar
the rotating cup and the stationary block. long, of carburized steel, having a Rockwell Hardness C Scale
Number of 58 to 62, or a Vickers Hardness Number of 653 to
5. Significance and Use
746. Each block is supplied with four ground faces and the
5.1 The test method is used widely for specification pur- surface roughness should lie between 0.51 and 0.76 μm (20 and
poses and is used to differentiate between greases having low,
30 μin.) C.L.A.
medium, or high levels of extreme pressure characteristics. The 6.6 Microscope, low-power (503 to 603), having suffi-
results may not correlate with results from service.
cient clearance under objective to accommodate the test block.
It should be fitted with a filar micrometer so that the scar width
6. Apparatus and Materials
may be measured with an accuracy of6 0.05 mm (60.002 in.).
6.1 Timken Extreme Pressure Tester, described in detail in
6.7 Timer, graduated in minutes and seconds.
Annex A1 and illustrated in Fig. 2.
7. Reagents
6.2 Sample Feed Devices, for supplying the test specimens
with grease are described in Annex A1.
7.1 Acetone, conforming to Specification D 329.
6.3 Loading Mechanism, for applying and removing the
NOTE 1—Warning: Extremely flammable. Vapors can cause flash fire.
load mass (weight) without shock at the uniform rate 0.91 to
7.2 Stoddard Solvent, conforming to Specification D 235.
1.36 kg/s (2 to 3 lb/s). A detailed description is given in Annex
(White Spirit conforming to British Standard 245, Type I, is
A1.
considered a functionally equivalent material.)
6.4 Test Cups, of carburized steel, having a Rockwell
Hardness C Scale Number of 58 to 62, or a Vickers Hardness
NOTE 2—Warning: Combustible. Vapor harmful.
Number of 653 to 746. The cups have a width of 13.06 6 0.05
8. Preparation of Apparatus
mm (0.514 6 0.002 in.), a perimeter of 154.51 6 0.23 mm
(6.083 6 0.009 in.), a diameter of 49.22 +0.025, −0.127 mm
8.1 Clean the apparatus with Stoddard solvent (Warning—
(1.938 +0.001, −0.005 in.), and a maximum radial run-out of
See Note 2.) and acetone (Warning—See Note 1.) and blow
0.013 mm (0.0005 in.). The axial surface roughness should lie
dry. Shield the sump outlet and disconnect the oil pump to
between 0.51 and 0.76 μm (20 and 30 μin.) C.L.A.
eliminate wear on the unused pump. Replace the oil reservoir
6.5 Test Blocks with test surfaces 12.32 6 0.10 mm (0.485
with the grease feed device.
6 0.004 in.) wide and 19.05 6 0.41 mm (0.750 6 0.016 in.)
8.2 Select a new test cup and block, wash with Stoddard
solvent, and dry with a clean soft cloth or paper. Immediately
Available from the Falex Corp. 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554 under
Part No. F-25061.
5 6
Available from Falex Corp. under Part No. F-25001. Falex Corp. is a satisfactory source of supply.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2509
FIG. 2 Timken Tester
(0.025 mm) total indicator movement.
before use rinse the test cup and block with acetone and blow
them dry. Do not use solvents such as carbon tetrachloride or
9. Procedure
others that may inherently possess load-carrying properties
which may affect the results.
9.1 Bring the grease to 24 6 6°C (75 6 10°F). Fill the
8.3 Assemble the tester carefully (Fig. 3), placing the test
grease-feeding device with grease, avoiding the inclusion of air
cup on the spindle and making certain that it is well seated,
bubbles. Apply a film of grease to the test cup and block and
drawing it up firmly but avoiding possible distortion from
thoroughly grease the guide bushing with the test grease. Do
excessive tightening (Note 3). Place the test block in the test not heat the grease.
block holder and adjust the levers so that all the knife edges are
9.2 Apply the grease at 25 6 6°C (75 6 10°F) to the test
in proper alignment. Exercise special care in placing the stirrup
block through the grease-feed mechanism at the uniform rate of
of the spring-weight platform assembly (selection of which
45 6 9 g/min (0.1 6 0.02 lb/min). Start the motor and run for
will depend on the loading device) in the groove of the
30 s to break-in. If the equipment used is equipped with
load-lever arm to avoid premature shock to the test block when
acceleration control, start the motor and increase the spindle
the load is applied. To ensure the test block, test block holder,
speed gradually to achieve 800 6 5 rpm after 15 s. Run for a
and lever arms are properly aligned and seated, coat the test
further 15 s to complete the break-in.
block and test cup with the grease to be tested, and rotate the
9.3 After the break-in period of 30 s, start the timer and
machine slowly for a few revolutions either by hand or by
apply at 8.9 to 13.3 N/s (2 to 3 lbf/s), a load of 133.4 N (30 lbf).
suitable control mechanism. If the parts are in alignment, the
(A starting load of 133.4 N (30 lbf/s) is recommended. The
grease will be wiped off the cup over its entire width.
load lever arm, spring, and mass (weight) carrier assembly are
not considered part of the applied load.) Then allow the
NOTE 3—At this point it is recommended that a dial indicator be used
to check that the radial run-out of the cup in situ does not exceed 0.001 in. machine to run at 800 6 5 rpm for 10 min 6 15 s after load
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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D 2509
FIG. 2 (continued)
FIG. 3 Assembly of Tester Showing Test Pieces
NOTE 4—Warning: The machine and test pieces may be hot at this
application is initiated, unless a score is detected before that
point and care should be exercised in their handling.
period. Excessive noise and fluctuations in the spindle speed
indicate scoring of the test components. Stop the machine at 9.5 If no scoring is detected, allow the tester to run for 10
once, turn off the supply of grease lubricant, and remove the min 6 15 s from the start of the application of the load. At the
load. end of the 10 min 6 15 s period, reverse the loading device and
9.4 If, after the load has been applied, scoring is evident by remove the load from the lever arm. Turn off the motor, allow
vibration or noise, stop the tester at once, remove the load, and the spindle to come to rest, then turn off the flow of grease.
turn off the flow of lubricant. Since the excessive heat Remove the load lever and inspect the condition of the test
developed with deep scoring may alter the surface character- block surface. The lubricant has failed at the imposed load if
istics of the entire block, discard the test block. the wear scar indicates any scoring or welding.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2509
NOTE 5—Microscopical observations should not be used to define if
C, MPa 5 9.81 @L~X8 1 0.454G!#/Y8Z8 (2)
scoring has occurred, but a skilled operator may use a microscope to
examine the wear scar for further information. where:
L 5 10 5 mechanical advantage of load-lever arm,
9.6 If no score is observed, turn the test block to expose a
G 5 load-lever constant (value is stamped on lever arm of
new surface of contact and, with a new test cup, repeat the test
each tester),
with a load 44.5-N (10-lbf) heavier and in successive tests
X 5 mass (weight) placed on the weight pan, lb
increase it in 44.5-N (10-lbf) increments until a load that
X8 5 mass (weight) placed on the weight pan, kg,
produces a score is reached. At this point decrease the load by
Y 5 length of test scar (1/2 in.),
22.2 N (5 lbf) for the final determination.
Y8 5 length of test scar (12.7 mm),
9.7 If a score is produced at the 133.4-N (30-lbf) load,
Z 5 average width of test scar, in., and
reduce the load by 26.7-N (6-lbf) decrements until no scoring
Z8 5 average width of test scar, mm.
is realized. At this point, increase the load by 13.3 N (3 lbf) for
the final determination.
11. Precision and Bias
9.8 When the wear scar evidence at any load stage makes
11.1 The precision of this test is not known to have been
the definition of the onset of scoring questionable, repeat the
obtained in accordance with currently accepted guidelines (for
test at the same load. If the second test produces a score, record
example, in Committee D-2 Research Report RR:D2-1007,
a score rating for this load. Similarly, if the second test
Manual on Determining Precision Data for ASTM Methods on
produces no scoring, record a no score rating. If the second test
Petroleum Products and Lubricants).
again yields a questionable result, simply withhold judgment of
11.2 The following criteria should be used for judging the
the rating at this load stage and test the grease at the
acceptability of OK load results (95 % confidence):
immediately next higher and lower load stages. Then assign a
11.2.1 Repeatability—Duplicate results by the same opera-
rating to the load stage in question which is identical to the
tor should be considered suspect if they differ by more than
rating obtained at the immediately next higher load stage
23 % of their mean. Table X3.1, Appendix X3, based on this
employed (see Annex A2).
level of repeatability, and the use of the load increments
NOTE 6—Two other procedures that may be conducted with this specified in the method, may be used to quickly check the
apparatus are described by Appendix X1, Procedure for Determination of
acceptability of the results by the same operator.
Friction, and Appendix X2, Procedure for Measurement of Resistance to
11.2.2 Reproducibility—The results submitted by each of
Wear or Abrasive Properties, or Both.
two laboratories should be considered suspect if they differ by
more than 59 % of their mean. Table X3.2, Appendix X3, based
10. Calculation and Report
on this l
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