ASTM D8473-22
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the Biobased content of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels Using Liquid Scintillation Counting with Spiked Carbon-14
Standard Test Method for Determining the Biobased content of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels Using Liquid Scintillation Counting with Spiked Carbon-14
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides accurate biobased/biogenic carbon content results to materials whose carbon source was directly in equilibrium with CO2 in the atmosphere at the time of cessation of respiration or metabolism, such as the harvesting of a crop or grass living in a field. Special considerations are needed to apply the testing method to materials originating from within artificial environments with non-natural levels of 14C or if the biofeed was grown over the course of several years such as trees and contains “bomb-carbon.” Application of these test methods to materials derived from CO2 uptake within artificial environments is beyond the present scope of this standard.
5.2 This method uses LSC techniques to quantify the biobased content of a liquid hydrocarbon fuels using sample carbon that has been unmodified. It is designed to be able to incorporate into a refinery laboratory to support biofeed and petroleum coprocessing or blending operations to determine the biocarbon content of the intermediate or finished products. The test results can then be used for optimizing internal parameters or reporting to regulatory agencies.
5.3 The use of this method requires that a pure petroleum-based sample can be generated that has a similar matrix to each product or stream to be analyzed. For example, gasoline and diesel have very different matrices and will likely require the use of different background measurements for each. Refer to 10.2 for how to determine if the same background sample can be used for more than one product/stream.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers quantitatively determining biocarbon content of liquid hydrocarbon fuels with a focus on those produced in a typical petroleum refinery using liquid scintillation counting (LSC). The method is designed to generate analogous results as Test Method D6866 Method C, for low quench samples, without the need of benzene synthesis. The purpose is to be able to use the produced data to report biocarbon content of refinery products to regulatory agencies and monitor refinery operation. The method does not address regulatory reporting or fuel performance.
1.2 The method is needed to support refinery operations when bio-feeds are co-processed with petroleum within a reactor with a focus on samples with 100 % biocarbon or less (not for 14C labeled species). It allows refineries to report the biocarbon content of refinery products to regulatory agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or California Air Resources Board (CARB) to comply with regulatory statutes such as The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) or Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS).
1.3 This test method is applicable to any liquid fuel product, petroleum based (pure hydrocarbon), biobased (such as renewable diesel or those that can contain oxygenates such as ethanol), or blends, that contain 1 % to 100 % by mass biocarbon where an instrument background can be experimentally determined using a sample of similar matrix that contains no measurable carbon-14.
1.4 This test method makes no attempt to teach the basic principles of the instrumentation used although minimum requirements for instrument selection are referenced in Refs (1-11).2 However, the preparation of samples for the above test methods is described. No details of instrument operation are included here. These are best obtained from the manufacturer of the specific instrument in use.
1.5 Pre-Requisite Requirements For Method Execution—This test method uses artificial carbon-14 (14C) within the method. Great care shall be taken to prevent laboratory contamination of the elevated 14C. Once in the laboratory, artificial 14C can contaminate a variety of laboratory surfaces that can lead to artificially high sample biocarbon measurements. If vigorous cleaning attempts to remove the artificial 14C from a laboratory are unsuccessful, instrumentation and sample preparation may have to be moved to a ne...
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8473 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Biobased content of Liquid Hydrocarbon
Fuels Using Liquid Scintillation Counting with Spiked
1
Carbon-14
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope included here. These are best obtained from the manufacturer
of the specific instrument in use.
1.1 This test method covers quantitatively determining bio-
carbon content of liquid hydrocarbon fuels with a focus on
1.5 Pre-Requisite Requirements For Method Execution—
14
those produced in a typical petroleum refinery using liquid
This test method uses artificial carbon-14 ( C) within the
scintillation counting (LSC). The method is designed to gen-
method. Great care shall be taken to prevent laboratory
14
erate analogous results as Test Method D6866 Method C, for
contamination of the elevated C. Once in the laboratory,
14
low quench samples, without the need of benzene synthesis.
artificial C can contaminate a variety of laboratory surfaces
The purpose is to be able to use the produced data to report
that can lead to artificially high sample biocarbon measure-
biocarbon content of refinery products to regulatory agencies
ments. If vigorous cleaning attempts to remove the artificial
and monitor refinery operation. The method does not address 14
C from a laboratory are unsuccessful, instrumentation and
regulatory reporting or fuel performance.
sample preparation may have to be moved to a new laboratory
1.2 The method is needed to support refinery operations away from the contamination or the laboratory may have to
when bio-feeds are co-processed with petroleum within a
rely on outside third-party labs for analysis. Specific proce-
reactor with a focus on samples with 100% biocarbon or less dural steps have been incorporated into this method that
14
(not for C labeled species). It allows refineries to report the
minimize the risk of sample and lab contamination. Wipe tests
biocarbon content of refinery products to regulatory agencies
and quality assurance samples can validate absence of con-
such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or Cali-
tamination. In the event of contamination in the laboratory or
forniaAirResourcesBoard(CARB)tocomplywithregulatory
instrument, vigorous cleaning protocols shall be implemented,
statutes such as The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) or Low
andanalysiscannotberesumeduntilthelabandinstrumentare
Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS).
free of contamination. Accepted requirements are:
14
1.3 Thistestmethodisapplicabletoanyliquidfuelproduct, 1.5.1 Working with the elevated C samples in a separate
petroleumbased(purehydrocarbon),biobased(suchasrenew- and defined area away from the instrument and the preparation
able diesel or those that can contain oxygenates such as of any non-spiked samples.
ethanol), or blends, that contain 1% to 100% by mass
1.5.2 Using separate personnel to prepare the spiked
biocarbon where an instrument background can be experimen-
samples and non-spiked samples.
tally determined using a sample of similar matrix that contains
1.5.3 Using separate laboratory spaces with separate HVAC
no measurable carbon-14.
systems for the handling of spiked and non-spiked samples.
1.4 This test method makes no attempt to teach the basic
The use of separate fume hoods that have separate exhaust
principles of the instrumentation used although minimum
ventilation satisfies this requirement.
14
requirements for instrument selection are referenced in Refs
1.5.4 Weekly wipe tests of C sample handling area(s) to
2
(1-11). However,thepreparationofsamplesfortheabovetest
detect lab contamination.
methods is described. No details of instrument operation are
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Subcommittee D02.04.0F on Absorption Spectroscopic Methods.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2022. Published October 2022. DOI:
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
10.1520/D8473-22.
2 dance with internationally recognized principles on s
...
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