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ASTM D7094-12e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester

Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties which must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.  
5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials and for classification purposes. This definition may vary from regulation to regulation. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.  
5.3 This test method can be used to measure and describe the properties of materials in response to heat and an ignition source under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment, which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.  
5.4 Flash point can also indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable material, such as the contamination of lubricating oils by small amounts of diesel fuel or gasoline. This test method was designed to be more sensitive to potential contamination than Test Method D6450.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash point of fuels, lube oils, solvents and other liquids by a continuously closed cup tester utilizing a specimen size of 2 mL, cup size of 7 mL, with a heating rate of 2.5°C per minute.  
1.1.1 Apparatus requiring a specimen size of 1 mL, cup size of 4 mL, and a heating rate of 5.5°C per minute must be run according to Test Method D6450.  
1.2 This flash point test method is a dynamic method and depends on definite rates of temperature increase. It is one of the many flash point test methods available and every flash point test method, including this one, is an empirical method.Note 1—Flash point values are not a constant physical chemical property of materials tested. They are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can, therefore, only be defined in terms of a standard test method and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different test methods or where different test apparatus is specified.  
1.3 This test method utilizes a closed but unsealed cup with air injected into the test chamber.  
1.4 This test method is suitable for testing samples with a flash point from 35 to 225°C.Note 2—Flash point determinations below 35°C and above 225°C may be performed; however, the precision has not been determined below and above these temperatures.  
1.5 If the user’s specification requires a defined flash point method other than this method, neither this method nor any other test method should be substituted for the prescribed test method without obtaining comparative data and an agreement from the specifier.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius, pressure in kilo-Pascals.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2, 8.5, and 10.1.2.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2012
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.08 - Volatility
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7094-12 - Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012
Replaced By
ASTM D7094-16 - Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
Effective Date
01-Jun-2016
Referred By
ASTM D2880-23 - Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012
Referred By
ASTM D6074-15(2022) - Standard Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant Base Oils
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012
Referred By
ASTM D6448-16(2022) - Standard Specification for Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012
Referred By
ASTM D3699-19 - Standard Specification for Kerosine
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7467-20a - Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012
Referred By
ASTM D975-23 - Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012
Referred By
ASTM D396-21 - Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012
Referred By
ASTM D4485-22e1 - Standard Specification for Performance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012
Referred By
ASTM F3337-19 - Standard Guide for Taking Property and Behavior Measurements on Weathered Fractions of Oil
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012
Referred By
ASTM D4378-22 - Standard Practice for In-Service Monitoring of Mineral Turbine Oils for Steam, Gas, and Combined Cycle Turbines
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012

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ASTM D7094-12e1 - Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) TesterASTM D7094-12e1 - Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
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ASTM D7094-12e1 - Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:D7094 −12
StandardTest Method for
Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup
1
(MCCCFP) Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7094; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially removed sole source of supply footnote from 6.1 in February 2014.
1. Scope* 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
point of fuels, lube oils, solvents and other liquids by a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
continuously closed cup tester utilizing a specimen size of 2
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
mL, cup size of 7 mL, with a heating rate of 2.5°C per minute.
warning statements, see 7.2, 8.5, and 10.1.2.
1.1.1 Apparatus requiring a specimen size of 1 mL, cup size
of 4 mL, and a heating rate of 5.5°C per minute must be run
2. Referenced Documents
according to Test Method D6450.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 This flash point test method is a dynamic method and
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
depends on definite rates of temperature increase. It is one of
Closed Cup Tester
the many flash point test methods available and every flash
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
point test method, including this one, is an empirical method.
Petroleum Products
NOTE 1—Flash point values are not a constant physical chemical
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
property of materials tested. They are a function of the apparatus design,
the condition of the apparatus used, and the operational procedure carried
Petroleum Products
out. Flash point can, therefore, only be defined in terms of a standard test
D6450 Test Method for Flash Point by Continuously Closed
methodandnogeneralvalidcorrelationcanbeguaranteedbetweenresults
Cup (CCCFP) Tester
obtained by different test methods or where different test apparatus is
D6708 Practice for StatisticalAssessment and Improvement
specified.
of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that
1.3 This test method utilizes a closed but unsealed cup with
Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material
air injected into the test chamber.
E300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals
1.4 This test method is suitable for testing samples with a
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
flash point from 35 to 225°C.
ISO Guide 34 Quality Systems Guidelines for the Produc-
NOTE 2—Flash point determinations below 35°C and above 225°C may
tion of Reference Materials
be performed; however, the precision has not been determined below and
above these temperatures. ISOGuide35 CertificationofReferenceMaterials—General
and Statistical Principles
1.5 If the user’s specification requires a defined flash point
method other than this method, neither this method nor any
3. Terminology
other test method should be substituted for the prescribed test
method without obtaining comparative data and an agreement
3.1 Definitions:
from the specifier. 3.1.1 flash point, n—the lowest temperature corrected to a
pressure of 101.3 kPa at which application of an ignition
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
source causes the vapors of a specimen of the sample to ignite
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
momentarily under specified conditions of the test.
standard. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius, pressure in
kilo-Pascals.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published March 2013. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D7094–04(2009). Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
DOI: 10.1520/D7094-12. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D7094−12
3.1.1.1 Discussion—For the purpose of this test method, the source un
...

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Standard Test Method for Bromine Numbers of Petroleum Distillates and Commercial Aliphatic Olefins by Electrometric Titration

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5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
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Note 1: For determining the color of petroleum products darker than Saybolt Color − 16, see Test Method D1500.  
1.2 This test method reports results specific to this test method and recorded as, “Saybolt Color units.”  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units or in SI units and which are not in parentheses are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 2: Oil tubes and apparatus used in this test method have traditionally been marked in inches, (the tube is required to be etched with 1/8 in. divisions.) The Saybolt Color Numbers are aligned with inch, 1/2 in., 1/4 in., and 1/8 in. changes in the depth of oil. These fractional inch changes do not readily correspond to SI equivalents and in view of the preponderance of apparatus already in use and marked in inches, the inch/pound unit is regarded as the standard. However the test method does use SI units of length when the length is not directly related to divisions on the oil tube and Saybolt Color Numbers. The test method uses SI units for temperature.  
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Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products

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5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.  
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.  
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.  
5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.  
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.3
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.  
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.  
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4952-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
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1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see 7.3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions provides an insight into the composition of feedstocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. The gas chromatographic simulation of this determination can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.  
5.3 Procedure B was tested with biodiesel mixtures and reports the Boiling Point Distribution of FAME esters of vegetable and animal origin mixed with ultra low sulfur diesel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538 °C (1000 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. This test method is limited to samples having a boiling range greater than 55.5 °C (100 °F), and having a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit sampling at ambient temperature.
Note 1: Since a boiling range is the difference between two temperatures, only the constant of 1.8 °F/°C is used in the conversion of the temperature range from one system of units to another.  
1.1.1 Procedure A (Sections 6 – 14)—Allows a larger selection of columns and analysis conditions such as packed and capillary columns as well as a Thermal Conductivity Detector in addition to the Flame Ionization Detector. Analysis times range from 14 min to 60 min.  
1.1.2 Procedure B (Sections 15 – 23)—Is restricted to only 3 capillary columns and requires no sample dilution. In addition, Procedure B is used not only for the sample types described in Procedure A but also for the analysis of samples containing biodiesel mixtures B5, B10, and B20. The analysis time, when using Procedure B (Accelerated D2887), is reduced to about 8 min.  
1.2 This test method is not to be used for the analysis of gasoline samples or gasoline components. These types of samples must be analyzed by Test Method D7096.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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    English language
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