ASTM D1894-11e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Measurements of frictional properties may be made on a film or sheeting specimen when sliding over itself or over another substance. The coefficients of friction are related to the slip properties of plastic films that are of wide interest in packaging applications. These methods yield empirical data for control purposes in film production. Correlation of test results with actual performance can usually be established.
This test method includes testing at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane while the sled is at ambient temperature.
Slip properties are generated by additives in some plastic films, for example, polyethylene. These additives have varying degrees of compatibility with the film matrix. Some of them bloom, or exude to the surface, lubricating it and making it more slippery. Because this blooming action may not always be uniform on all areas of the film surface, values from these tests may be limited in reproducibility.
The frictional properties of plastic film and sheeting may be dependent on the uniformity of the rate of motion between the two surfaces. Care should be exercised to ensure that the rate of motion of the equipment is as carefully controlled as possible.
Data obtained by these procedures may be extremely sensitive to the age of the film or sheet and the condition of the surfaces. The blooming action of many slip additives is time-dependent. For this reason, it is sometimes meaningless to compare slip and friction properties of films or sheets produced at different times, unless it is desired to study this effect.
Frictional and slip properties of plastic film and sheeting are based on measurements of surface phenomena. Where products have been made by different processes, or even on different machines by the same process, their surfaces may be dependent on the equipment or its running conditions. Such factors must be weighed in evaluating data from these methods.
The measurement of the static coefficient of fr...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the coefficients of starting and sliding friction of plastic film and sheeting when sliding over itself or other substances at specified test conditions. The procedure permits the use of a stationary sled with a moving plane, or a moving sled with a stationary plane. Both procedures yield the same coefficients of friction values for a given sample.
Note 1—For the frictional characteristics of plastic films partially wrapped around a cylinder, or capstan, see Test Method G143 under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee G02.50.
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.2.1 As an option to this test, coefficient of friction may be run at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane while the sled is at ambient temperature.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see the end of 6.5.
Note 2—This test method is not equivalent to ISO 8295–1995, and results cannot be directly compared between the two methods.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation: D1894 − 11
StandardTest Method for
Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and
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Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
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´ NOTE—Editorially added new research report reference for RR:D20–1253 in September 2011.
results cannot be directly compared between the two methods.
1. Scope*
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversdeterminationofthecoefficients
2. Referenced Documents
ofstartingandslidingfrictionofplasticfilmandsheetingwhen 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sliding over itself or other substances at specified test condi-
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
tions. The procedure permits the use of a stationary sled with
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
a moving plane, or a moving sled with a stationary plane. Both
D1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of
procedures yield the same coefficients of friction values for a
Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
given sample.
D3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials—Slab,
Bonded, and Molded Urethane Foams
NOTE 1—For the frictional characteristics of plastic films partially
wrapped around a cylinder, or capstan, see Test Method G143 under the
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee G02.50.
als
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
appropriate for use in engineering design. ASTM Test Methods
1.2.1 As an option to this test, coefficient of friction may be E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
run at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane Determine the Precision of a Test Method
while the sled is at ambient temperature. G143 Test Method for Measurement of Web/Roller Friction
Characteristics
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
2.2 ISO Standard:
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
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ISO 8295–1995
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 friction, n—resistance to relative motion between two
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bodies in contact.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
3.1.1.1 coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force required
precautionary statement, see the end of 6.5.
to move one surface over another to the total force applied
NOTE 2—This test method is not equivalent to ISO 8295–1995, and
normal to those surfaces.
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This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Molded and Extruded contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Products. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originally the ASTM website.
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approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D1894 - 08. DOI: Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/D1894-11. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D1894 − 11
3.1.1.2 kinetic coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force modifications that take precedence when adhering to the
required to move one surface over another to the total force specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material
applied normal to those surfaces, once that motion is in specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classi-
progress. fication System D4000 lists theASTM materials standards that
currently exist.
3.1.1.3 static coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force
required to move one surface over another to the total force
5. Apparatus
applied normal to those surfaces, at the instant motion starts.
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5.1 Sled—A metal block 63.5-mm (2 ⁄2-in.) square by ap-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
proximately 6-mm (0.25-in.) thick with a suitable eye screw
3.2.1 slip—in plastic fi
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