ASTM F3256-23
(Guide)Standard Guide for Reporting and Recording of Near-Misses for Maritime Industry
Standard Guide for Reporting and Recording of Near-Misses for Maritime Industry
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The objective of this guide is to provide near-miss reporting guidance for maritime vessels to promote standardization of near-miss reporting which will allow for better use of the data industrywide.
3.2 Importance of Near-Miss Reporting:
3.2.1 Most accidents/incidents are preceded by a chain of events, circumstances, acts, or conditions. If any of these events, circumstances, acts, or conditions had transpired another way, at another time, or had been corrected, the accident/incident may have been avoided. Reporting near-misses can play an important role in learning from mistakes, preventing accidents, and suffering from their serious consequences.
3.3 Near-miss reporting can provide information that can be used to improve most any safety system, often complementing other safety system components such as accident/incident investigations, hazard analyses, safety reporting, prioritizing, root cause analysis, solution identification, communication, identifying corrective actions, sharing lessons learned, leading safety indicator analyses, and safety culture enhancement. In addition, in terms of human life and property damage, near-misses are very low cost learning tools for training, prevention of re-occurrence, and a new data source on what may work to break the chain of events before an accident occurs. Finally, near-misses may provide key data that can prevent low probability-high consequence accidents by providing safer alternatives.
3.4 Barriers to Near-Miss Reporting:
3.4.1 It is generally agreed that effective near-miss reporting can reduce hazardous conditions and situations in the workplace, resulting in a reduction in accidents, or at least provide an opportunity for hazard identification and abatement. However, there remain significant challenges and obstacles to implementing near-miss recording/reporting systems. The barriers to near-miss recording/reporting can be related to the employees and management as well as outside influences. ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides near-miss reporting criteria and terminology for maritime vessels.
1.2 The purpose of this near-miss reporting guide is to standardize near-miss reporting, including terminology, for the maritime industry.
1.3 The criteria contained within this guide should be applied as a minimum to all near-miss reporting in the maritime industry unless otherwise specified.
1.4 This guide is divided into the following sections and appendixes:
Table of Contents
Sections and Subsections
Title
1
Scope
2
Terminology
3
Significance and Use
4
Near-Miss Standardization
5
Procedure
6
Keywords
Appendix X1
Probability, Severity, and Risk Assessment
Appendix X2
Sample Near-Miss Reporting Form
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3256 − 23 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Reporting and Recording of Near-Misses for Maritime
1
Industry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3256; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope fatality, property loss, environmental impact, business loss,
etc., or a combination of these.
1.1 This guide provides near-miss reporting criteria and
terminology for maritime vessels. 2.1.2 activity/task, n—an action or job that was being
performed during the time of the near-miss, unsafe act/
1.2 The purpose of this near-miss reporting guide is to
behavior, or hazardous/unsafe condition.
standardize near-miss reporting, including terminology, for the
maritime industry. 2.1.3 causal factor, n—a structural/machinery/equipment/
outfitting problem, human factors, or external factors that
1.3 The criteria contained within this guide should be
contributed to an incident, allowed an incident to occur, or
applied as a minimum to all near-miss reporting in the
allowed the consequences of the incident to be worse than they
maritime industry unless otherwise specified.
might have been.
1.4 This guide is divided into the following sections and
2.1.4 consequences, n—the undesirable or unexpected out-
appendixes:
comes that may result in negative effects for an organization.
Table of Contents
These outcomes can range from minor injuries to major events
Sections and Title
involving loss of life, extensive property loss, environmental
Subsections
1 Scope
damage, and breaches related to security.
2 Terminology
3 Significance and Use 2.1.5 corrective actions, n—improvements to an organiza-
4 Near-Miss Standardization
tion’s processes taken to eliminate causes of hazards, non-
5 Procedure
conformities, or other undesirable situations.
6 Keywords
Appendix X1 Probability, Severity, and Risk Assessment
2.1.6 event, n—a happening caused by humans, automati-
Appendix X2 Sample Near-Miss Reporting Form
cally operating equipment/components, external events or the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
result of a natural phenomenon.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2.1.6.1 Discussion—Eventdescriptionstypicallyincludeac-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tion verbs such as walked, turned, opened, said, radioed,
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
discovered, decided, saw, etc. If negative (an error, failure or
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
external factor), then the event may also be a causal factor,
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
intermediate cause, or root cause.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
2.1.7 external factors, n—issues outside the control of the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
organization. Examples include uncharted/unknown hazards to
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
navigation, some sea or weather conditions, suicides or
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
homicides, and external events.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2.1.8 hazard, n—a condition with the potential to cause
2. Terminology
injury, illness, or death of personnel; damage to or loss of
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
equipment or property; or degradation of voyage/activity/task
2.1.1 accident, n—an incident with unexpected or undesir-
capabilities.
able consequences that may be related to personnel injury or
2.1.9 hazardous/unsafe condition, n—any condition that
may adversely affect the safety of any seafarer, equipment,
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships and
vessel, bridge, structure, or shore area or the environmental
Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.07 on
General Requirements. quality of any port, harbor, or navigable waterway.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2023. Published January 2023. Originally
2.1.10 human errors, n—performance of humans that devi-
approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as F3256 – 17. DOI:
10.1520/F3256-23. ates from the desired performance.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F3256 − 23
2.1.11 incident, n—an unplann
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F3256 − 17 F3256 − 23 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Reporting and Recording of Near-Misses for Maritime
1
Industry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3256; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides near-miss reporting criteria and terminology for maritime vessels.
1.2 The purpose of this near-miss reporting guide is to standardize near-miss reporting, including terminology, for the maritime
industry.
1.3 The criteria contained within this guide should be applied as a minimum to all near-miss reporting in the maritime industry
unless otherwise specified.
1.4 This guide is divided into the following sections and appendixes:
Table of Contents
Sections and Subsections Title
1 Scope
2 Terminology
3 Significance and Use
4 Near-Miss Standardization
5 Procedure
6 Keywords
Appendix X1 Probability, Severity, and Risk Assessment
Appendix X2 Sample Near-Miss Reporting Form
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Terminology
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1.1 accident, n—an incident with unexpected or undesirable consequences that may be related to personnel injury or fatality,
property loss, environmental impact, business loss, etc., or a combination of these.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.07 on General
Requirements.
Current edition approved May 1, 2017Jan. 1, 2023. Published July 2017January 2023. Originally approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as F3256 – 17.
DOI: 10.1520/F3256-17.10.1520/F3256-23.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F3256 − 23
2.1.2 activity/task, n—an action or job that was being performed during the time of the near-miss, unsafe act/behavior, or
hazardous/unsafe condition.
2.1.3 causal factor, n—a structural/machinery/equipment/outfitting problem, human factors, or external factors that contributed to
an incident, allowed an incident to occur, or allowed the consequences of the incident to be worse than they might have been.
2.1.4 consequences, n—the undesirable or unexpected outcomes that may result in negative effects for an organization. These
outcomes can range from minor injuries to major events involving loss of life, extensive property loss, environmental damage, and
breaches related to security.
2.1.5 corrective actions, n—improvements to an organization’s processes taken to eliminate causes of hazards, non-conformities,
or other undesirable situations.
2.1.6 event, n—a happening caused by humans, automatically operating equipment/components, external events or the result of
a natural phenomenon.
2.1.6.1 Discussion—
Event descriptions typically include action verbs such as walked, turned, opened, said, radioed, discovered, decided, saw, etc. If
negative (an error, failure or external factor), then the event may also be a causal factor, intermediate cause, or root cause.
2.1.7 external factors, n—issues outside the control of the organization. Examples include uncharted/unknown hazards to
navigation, some sea or weather conditions, suicides or homicides, and external events.
2.1.8 hazard, n—a condition with the potential to cause injury, illness, or death of personnel; damage to or loss of equipment or
property; or degradation of voyage/activity/task degradation.capabilities.
2.1.9 hazardous/unsafe condition, n—any condition that may adversely affect the safety of any seafarer, equipment, vessel, bridge,
structure, or shore area or the environmental quality
...
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