ASTM F2192-05(2022)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining and Reporting the Berthing Energy and Reaction of Marine Fenders
Standard Test Method for Determining and Reporting the Berthing Energy and Reaction of Marine Fenders
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 General:
3.1.1 All testing shall define fender performance under velocities that decrease linearly or that are proportional to the square root of percent of remaining rated energy.
3.1.2 Rated performance data (RPD) and manufacturers' published performance curves or tables, or both, shall be based on: (1) initial deflection (berthing) velocity of 0.15 m/s and decreasing to no more than 0.005 m/s at test end, (2) testing of fully broken-in fenders (break-in testing is not required for pneumatic fenders), (3) testing of fenders stabilized at 23 ± 5°C (excluding pneumatic fenders; see 6.3), (4) testing of fenders at 0° angle of approach, and (5) deflection (berthing) frequency of not less than 1 h (use a minimum 5-min deflection frequency for pneumatic fenders.).
3.1.3 Catalogues shall also include nominal performance tolerances as well as data and methodology to adjust performance curves or tables or both for application parameters different from RPD conditions. Adjustment factors shall be provided for the following variables: (1) other initial velocities: 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 m/s; (2) other temperatures: +50, +40, +30, +10, 0, −10, −20, −30; and (3) other contact angles: 3, 5, 8, 10, 15°. In addition, RPD shall contain a cautionary statement that published data do not necessarily apply to constant-load and cyclic-loading conditions. In such cases, designers are to contact fender manufacturers for design assistance.
3.1.4 Adjustment factors for velocity and temperature shall be provided for every catalogue compound or other energy absorbing material offered by each manufacturer.
3.2 Fender Testing—Performance testing to establish RPD must use either one of two methods:
3.2.1 Method A—Deflection of full-size fenders at velocities inversely proportional to the percent of rated deflection or directly proportional to the square root of percent of remaining rated energy. Test parameters shall be as defined for published RPD. RPD tests sha...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the recommended procedures for quantitative testing, reporting, and verifying the energy absorption and reaction force of marine fenders. Marine fenders are available in a variety of basic types with several variations of each type and multiple sizes and stiffnesses for each variation. Depending on the particular design, marine fenders may also include integral components of steel, composites, plastics, or other materials. All variations shall be performance tested and reported according to this test method.
1.2 There are three performance variables: berthing energy, reaction, and deflection. There are two methods used to develop rated performance data (RPD) and published performance curves for the three performance variables.
1.3 The primary focus is on fenders used in berthside and ship-to-ship applications for marine vessels. This testing protocol does not address small fendering “bumpers” used in pleasure boat marinas, mounted to hulls of work boats, or used in similar applications; it does not include durability testing. Its primary purpose is to ensure that engineering data reported in manufacturers' catalogues are based upon common testing methods.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (T...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2192 − 05 (Reapproved 2022) An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Determining and Reporting the Berthing Energy and
Reaction of Marine Fenders
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Amarine fender is an energy-absorbing device that is typically secured against the face of a marine
facility or a ship’s hull for the purpose of attenuating the forces inherent in arresting the motion of
berthing vessels safely. Most modern fenders fall into three general classifications based on the
material used to absorb energy: (1) solid rubber fenders in which the material absorbs the energy, (2)
pneumatic(air-filled)fendersinwhichairabsorbstheenergy,and(3)foam-filledfendersinwhichthe
foam core absorbs the energy.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers the recommended procedures
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
for quantitative testing, reporting, and verifying the energy
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
absorption and reaction force of marine fenders. Marine
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
fenders are available in a variety of basic types with several
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
variations of each type and multiple sizes and stiffnesses for
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
each variation. Depending on the particular design, marine
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
fenders may also include integral components of steel,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
composites, plastics, or other materials.All variations shall be
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
performance tested and reported according to this test method.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 There are three performance variables: berthing energy,
2. Referenced Documents
reaction, and deflection. There are two methods used to
develop rated performance data (RPD) and published perfor-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
mance curves for the three performance variables.
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.3 The primary focus is on fenders used in berthside and
ship-to-ship applications for marine vessels. This testing pro-
3. Significance and Use
tocol does not address small fendering “bumpers” used in
3.1 General:
pleasure boat marinas, mounted to hulls of work boats, or used
3.1.1 All testing shall define fender performance under
insimilarapplications;itdoesnotincludedurabilitytesting.Its
velocities that decrease linearly or that are proportional to the
primary purpose is to ensure that engineering data reported in
square root of percent of remaining rated energy.
manufacturers’ catalogues are based upon common testing
3.1.2 Rated performance data (RPD) and manufacturers’
methods.
publishedperformancecurvesortables,orboth,shallbebased
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
on: (1) initial deflection (berthing) velocity of 0.15 m/s and
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
decreasing to no more than 0.005 m/s at test end, (2) testing of
standard.
fully broken-in fenders (break-in testing is not required for
pneumatic fenders), (3) testing of fenders stabilized at 23 6
5°C (excluding pneumatic fenders; see 6.3), (4) testing of
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships
and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.07 on
General Requirements. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published April 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as F2192–05 (2017). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/F2192-05R22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2192 − 05 (2022)
fenders at 0° angle of approach, and (5) deflection (berthing) 4.2 For fender tests, all equipment used to measure and
frequencyofnotlessthan1h(useaminimum5-mindeflection record force and deflection shall be calibrated and certified
frequency for pneumatic fenders.). accuratetowithin 61%,inaccordancewithISOorequivalent
3.1.3 Catalogues shall also include nominal performance JIS or ASTM requirements. Calibration shall be performed
tolerances as well as data and methodology to adjust perfor- within one year of the use of the equipment, or less, if the
mance curves or tables or both for application parameters normalcalibrationintervalisshorterthanoneyear.Calibration
different from RPD conditions. Adjustment factors shall be of test apparatus shall be performed by a qualified third-party
providedforthefollowingvariables:(1)otherinitialvelocities: organization, using instrumentation that is traceable to a
0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 m/s; (2) other temperatures: certified, national standard.
+50, +40, +30, +10, 0, −10, −20, −30; and (3) other contact
4.3 The test apparatus shall deflect specimens according to
angles: 3, 5, 8, 10, 15°. In addition, RPD shall contain a
Section 5.
cautionary statement that published data do not necessarily
apply to constant-load and cyclic-loading conditions. In such
5. Procedure
cases, designers are to contact fender manufacturers for design
5.1 The performance test shall deflect specimens according
assistance.
toeitherofthetwomethodslistedbelow.Clearandunambigu-
3.1.4 Adjustment factors for velocity and temperature shall
ouscalculationsmustbeprovidedforanyadjustmentsmadeto
be provided for every catalogue compound or other energy
the test results.
absorbing material offered by each manufacturer.
5.2 Method A:
3.2 Fender Testing—Performance testing to establish RPD
must use either one of two methods:
NOTE 1—Steps 5.2.1 and 5.2.2 do not apply to pneumatic fenders. Step
3.2.1 MethodA—Deflectionoffull-sizefendersatvelocities
5.2.3 may be omitted for pneumatic fenders, provided internal pressure is
inversely proportional to the percent of rated deflection or adjusted to the manufacturer’s specified value for the ambient test
temperature.
directly proportional to the square root of percent of remaining
rated energy. Test parameters shall be as defined for published
5.2.1 Break in the specimen by deflecting it three or more
RPD. RPD tests shall start at 0.15m⁄s. Tests to establish
times to its rated deflection, or more, as recommended by the
adjustmentfactorsforinitialberthingvelocitiesotherthan0.15
manufacturer.
m/s shall start at those other initial velocities.
5.2.2 Remove load from specimen and allow it to “recover”
3.2.2 Method B—Deflection of full size fenders at constant
for1hor more, as recommended by manufacturer.
velocity with performance adjusted by velocity factors devel-
5.2.3 Before conducting performance test, stabilize fender
oped from model tests. Velocity factors shall be the ratio of
temperature in accordance with 6.1. Temperature-stabilizing
performance test results of models under the following condi-
time can include time for 5.2.1 and 5.2.2.
tions: (1) a constant strain rate similar to the strain rate of the
5.2.4 Deflect specimen once at a continuously decreasing
full-size fender at its test speed, and (2) decreasing speed
deflection velocity as defined in one of the equations below:
deflection with initial strain rate similar to that of the full-size
V 5 V ~D 2 d!/D or0.005m/s whicheverisgreater (1)
fender under RPD deflection conditions.
3.2.3 The RPD for pneumatic fenders shall be determined
or
using either Method A or Method B with miniature-size
V 5 V = E 2 e /E or0.005m/s whicheverisgreater (2)
fenders; in which case, the compression performance of air ~ !
shall be directly extrapolated from the test data of reduced
where:
scale models.
V = instantaneous deflection velocity of fender,
V = initial deflection velocity, where V =0.05, 0.10, 0.15,
0 0
4. Apparatus
0.20, 0.25, or 0.30 m/s,
4.1 The test apparatus shall be equipped with load cell(s) D = rated deflection,
d = instantaneous deflection,
andlineartransducer(s)capableofprovidingcontinuousmoni-
E = rated energy absorption of fender, kN/m, and
toring of fender performance. The test apparatus shall be
e = instantaneous running total of energy absorbed, kN/m.
capable of recording and storing load-cell and transducer data
at intervals of <0.01 H, where H is a fender’s nominal height,
Initial velocity shall be appropriate for particular testing
and storing manually entered inputs. Output information shall
purpose.
include, as a minimum:
5.2.5 Stop test when deflection reaches rated deflection, or
4.1.1 Serial number and description of test item,
more, as recommended by the manufacturer.
4.1.2 Date, time at start, and time at end of test,
5.2.6 Adjust performance to rating temperature (23 6 5°C),
4.1.3 Location of test facility and test apparatus ID,
if required, or to desired application temperature by multiply-
4.1.4 Stabilization temperature of test specimen,
ingbothenergyandreactionresultsbytemperaturefactor(TF)
4.1.5 Test ambient temperature, and
(see 6.3).
4.1.6 Graphic plot(s) of: (1) deflection velocity versus
5.3 Method B:
deflection (optional) (If not plotted, deflection velocity and its
characteristics shall be separately noted.), (2) reaction versus
NOTE 2—Steps 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 do not apply to pneumatic fenders. Step
deflection, and (3) energy versus deflection. 5.3.3 may be omitted for pneumatic fenders, provided internal pressure is
F2192 − 05 (2022)
adjusted to the manufacturer’s specified value for the ambient test
VF 5 E /E (3)
ea v RPD
temperature.
VF 5 R /R (4)
ra v RPD
5.3.1 Breakinspecimenbydeflectingthreeormoretimesto
where:
its rated deflection, or more, as recommended by the manufac-
E = energy at other initial velocity in accordance with
turer.
v
6.2.1.2,
5.3.2 Remove load from specimen and allow it to “recover”
E = energyattheRPDinitialvelocityinaccordancewith
for1hor more, as recommended by manufacturer.
RPD
6.2.1.1,
5.3.3 Before conducting performance test, stabilize fender
R = reaction at other initial velocity in accordance with
temperature in accordance w
...
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