ASTM C1145-06(2013)e1
(Terminology)Standard Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
Standard Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology contains definitions and explanatory notes for the principal words, phrases, and terms used in advanced ceramics technology. The given definitions are technology-specific and are directly applicable to the design, production, testing, analysis, characterization, and use of advanced ceramics for structural, electronic, coating, energy, chemical, nuclear, biomedical, and environmental applications.
1.2 The purpose of the standard terminology is to provide a collected technical resource and reference that promotes a common understanding of the principal technical terms used within the advanced ceramics community and encourages the use of uniform terminology in specifications and reports.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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´1
Designation: C1145 − 06 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Terminology of
Advanced Ceramics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1145; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—New definitions were added editorially in July 2018.
1. Scope adsorption, n—process in which molecules are concentrated
onasurfacebychemicalorphysicalforces,orboth. (C1274)
1.1 This terminology contains definitions and explanatory
notes for the principal words, phrases, and terms used in
adsorption isotherm, n—relation between the quantity of
advanced ceramics technology. The given definitions are adsorbate and the equilibrium (relative) pressure of the
technology-specific and are directly applicable to the design,
adsorptive, at constant temperature. (C1274)
DISCUSSION—Typically, the amount adsorbed is presented on an
production, testing, analysis, characterization, and use of
isotherm as volume in cm STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure,
advanced ceramics for structural, electronic, coating, energy,
that is, 273.15 K and 101325.02 Pa) normalized per mass of sample.
chemical, nuclear, biomedical, and environmental applications.
adsorptive, n—any substance available for adsorption.
1.2 The purpose of the standard terminology is to provide a
(C1274)
collected technical resource and reference that promotes a
common understanding of the principal technical terms used
advanced ceramic,n—ahighlyengineered,highperformance,
within the advanced ceramics community and encourages the
predominately non-metallic, inorganic, ceramic material
use of uniform terminology in specifications and reports.
having specific functional attributes. (C1198, C1259,
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor- C1292, C1322, C1368, C1525, C1576, C1674)
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
agglomerate, n—as used in fractography, a cluster of grains,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
particles, platelets, or whiskers, or a combination thereof,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
present in a larger solid mass.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
aggregate, n—a dense mass of particles held together by
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
strong intermolecular or atomic cohesive forces. It is stable
to normal handling and ordinary mixing techniques includ-
2. Terminology
ing high-speed stirring and ultrasonics. (C242)
absorbed moisture, n—water held within the materials and
aliquot, n—a representative portion of a whole that divides the
having physical properties not substantially different from
whole leaving a remainder. (C1274)
ordinary water at the same temperature and pressure.
back-face strain, n—the strain as meaured with a strain gage
adhesive failure, n—detachment and separation of a coating
mounted longitudinally on the compressive surface of the
from the substrate with cracking and debonding at the
specimen, opposite the crack or notch mouth (often this is
coating-substrate interface. (C1624)
the top surface of the specimen as tested). (C1421)
adsorbate,n—materialthathasbeenretainedbytheprocessof
base exchange, n—a surface property exhibited by collodial
adsorption. (C1274)
inorganic materials, usually clays, whereby absorbed surface
cations are replaced by other cations.
adsorbent, n—any solid having the ability to concentrate
significant quantities of other substances on its surface.
baseline flexure strength, n—in the context of this standard,
(C1274)
refers to the flexure strength value obtained after application
of a grinding procedure specified in this standard. (C1495)
DISCUSSION—Fortheadvancedceramicstowhichthisthisstandardis
applicable, the baseline flexure strength is expected to be a close
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
approximation to the inherent flexure strength.
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.91 on
Nomenclature and Editorial.
blanchard grinding, n—a type of rotary grinding in which the
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013. Published March 2013. Originally
workpiece is held on a rotating table with an axis of rotation
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C1145 – 06. DOI:
10.1520/C1145-06R13E01. that is parallel to the (vertical) spindle axis. (C1495)
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
C1145 − 06 (2013)
body, n—the structural portion of a ceramic article, or the comb channels. Channel porosity generally has cross-
material or mixture from which it is made. (C242) sectional dimensions on the order of 1 millimeter or greater.
(C1674)
breaking force, [F], n—the force at which fracture occurs in a
test specimen. (C1674)
chatter, n—an undesirable pattern created on the surface of a
DISCUSSION—In this test method, fracture consists of breakage of the
work piece, usually at regularly spaced intervals, due to an
test bar into two or more pieces or a loss of at least 50 % of the
out-of-round, out-of-balance condition or due to an induced
maximum force carrying capacity.
natural frequency, or its harmonics, or both, in a grinding
machine.
brittle fracture, n—fracture that takes place with little or no
preceding plastic deformation. (C1322)
cohesive failure, n—material damage and cracking in the
bundle, n—a collection of parallel fibers. Synonym, tow.
coating or in the substrate, separate and distinct from
(C1557) detachment and adhesive debonding at the coating-substrate
interface. (C1624)
calcine, v (calcination, n)—firing or heating a granular or
particulate solid at less than fusion temperature, but suffi-
colloidal particle, n—a dispersed particle with a linear dimen-
cient to remove most of its chemically combined volatile
sion of 5 to 100 nm.
matter (that is, H O, CO ) and otherwise to develop the
2 2
comminution, n—the act or process of reduction in particle
desired properties for use.
size, usually but not necessarily by grinding or milling.
capillary action, n—the phenomenon of intrusion of a liquid
competing failure modes, n—distinguishably different types
into interconnected small voids, pores, and channels in a
of fracture initiation events that result from concurrent
solid, resulting from surface tension.
(competing) flaw distributions. (C1239)
casting, drain (hollow casting), v—forming ceramic ware by
introducing a body slip into an open, porous mold, and then complete gage section, n—the portion of the specimen be-
draining off the remaining slip when the cast piece has
tween the two outer bearings in four-point flexure and
reached the desired thickness. (C242) three-point flexure fixtures. (C1161, C1674)
DISCUSSION—The complete four-point flexure gage section is twice
cell pitch, (p), [L], n—the unit dimension/s for the cross-
the size of the inner gage section. Weibull statistical analysis only
section of a cell in the honeycomb component.The cell pitch
includes portions of the specimen volume or surface which experience
p is calculated by measuring the specimen dimension of
tensile stresses.
interest, the cell count in that dimension, and a cell wall
compositional inhomogeneity, (CI), n—as used in
thickness, wherep=(d–t)/n. (C1674)
fractography, a volume-distributed flaw that is a microstruc-
DISCUSSION—The cell pitch can be measured for both the height and
width of the cell; those two measurements will be equal for a square tural irregularity related to the nonuniform distribution of an
cell geometry and uniform cell wall thickness and will be unequal for
additive, a different crystalline or glass phase or in a
a rectangular cell geometry.
multiphase material, the nonuniform distribution of a second
phase.
cell wall thickness, (t), [L], n—the nominal thickness of the
wallsthatformthecellchannelsofthehoneycombstructure.
compound flaw distributions, n—any form of multiple flaw
(C1674)
distribution that is neither pure concurrent nor pure exclu-
sive. A simple example is where every test specimen
censored strength data, n—strength measurements (that is, a
contains the flaw distribution A, while some fraction of the
sample) containing suspended observations such as that
test specimens also contains a second independent flaw
produced by multiple competing or concurrent flaw
distribution B. (C1239)
populations. (C1239)
concurrent flaw distributions, n—type of multiple flaw dis-
ceramic matrix composite, n—material consisting of two or
tribution in a homogeneous material where every test speci-
more materials (insoluble in one another), in which the
men of that material contains representative flaws from each
major, continuous component (matrix component) is a
independent flaw population. Within a given test specimen,
ceramic, while the secondary component(s) (reinforcing
all flaw populations are then present concurrently and are
component) may be ceramic, glass-ceramic, glass, metal, or
competing with each other to cause failure. This term is
organic in nature. These components are combined on a
synonymous with “competing flaw distributions.” (C1239)
macroscale to form a useful engineering material possessing
certain properties or behavior not possessed by the indi-
‘constant applied stress-time to failure’ curve, n—a curve
vidual constituents. (C1275)
fitted to the values of time to failure at each of several
cermet, n—a composite material or article comprised of a applied stresses. (C1576)
ceramic and a metal or metal alloy, interdistributed in any of
DISCUSSION—In the ceramics literature, this is often called a “static
fatigue” curve.
various geometrical forms but intimately bonded together.
channel porosity, n—porosity in the porous ceramic compo- ‘constant applied stress time-to-failure’ diagram, n—a plot
nent that is defined by the large, open longitudinal honey- of constant applied stress against time to failure. Constant
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C1145 − 06 (2013)
applied stress and time to failure are both plotted on depth of penetration, n—(1) the distance a penetrant has
logarithmic scales. (C1576) entered into a solid material as measured from the surface of
the material; (2) the maximum depth at which a magnetic or
continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite
ultrasonic indication can be measured in a test specimen.
(CFCC), n—ceramic matrix composite in which the rein-
forcingphaseconsistsofacontinuousfiber,continuousyarn,
diamond paste,n—diamond dust dispersed in a paste or slurry
or a woven fabric. (C1275)
for use as a grinding or polishing compound.
coolant, n—usually a liquid that is applied to the workpiece or
diamond tool, n—any tool in which the working area is inset
wheel, or both, during grinding for cooling, removal of
with diamonds or diamond dust.
grinding swarf, and for lubrication. (C1495)
diamond wheel, n—a bonded grinding wheel in which the
coolant flow rate, n—volume of coolant per unit time deliv-
abrasive grains are crushed and sized natural or synthetic
ered to the wheel and workpiece during grinding. (C1495)
diamonds.
crack, (CK), n—as used in fractography, a volume-distributed
discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite, n—a ceramic ma-
flaw that is a plane of fracture without complete separation.
trix composite material reinforced by chopped fibers.
crack deflection, n—a toughening mechanism in advanced
ceramics or ceramic matrix composites characterized by dish grinder, n—a grinding machine equipped with a dish-
fracture surface roughening and crack tilting/twisting during shaped abrasive wheel as a grinding mechanism
propagation around grains or a reinforcing component
dish wheel, n—dish-shaped abrasive grinding wheel.
caused by stress fields around the grains or component
developed through mismatches in thermal expansion or
disk feeder, n—a rotating disk beneath the opening of a bin
mechanical properties (such as elastic modulus), or both,
which delivers material from the bin at a specified rate by
between grains or between reinforcement and matrix.
controlling the rate of rotation of the disk and the size of the
gate opening of the bin.
crack orientation, n—a description of the plane and direction
of a fracture in relation to a characteristic direction of the
disk grinder, n—a grinding machine equipped with a large
product.This identification is designated by a letter or letters
abrasive disk as the work mechanism.
indicating the plane and direction of crack extension. The
letter or letters represent the direction normal to the crack
disk wheel,n—a bonded abrasive wheel mounted on a plate so
plane and the direction of crack propagation. (C1421)
that grinding may be done on the side of the wheel.
creep, n—the time-dependent part of a strain resulting from
down-feed, n—increment of displacement or feed in the down
stress.
feed direction. (C1495)
creep-feed grinding, n—a mode of grinding characterized by
down-feed direction—direction perpendicular to the plane of
a relatively large wheel depth-of-cut and correspondingly
grinding for a machine configuration in which the grinding
low rate of feed. (C1495)
wheel is located above the workpiece. (C1495)
critical scratch load (L ), n—applied normal force at which
CN
down-grinding, n—a condition of down-grinding is said to
a specific, well-defined, recognizable damage/failure event
hold when the velocity vector tangent to the surface of the
occurs or is observed in the scratch test of a specific coating
wheel at points of first entry into the grinding zone has a
on a specific substrate. (C1624)
component normal to and directed into the ground surface of
DISCUSSION—The subscript N is used to identify progressive failure
events. For example, L is often used to identify the first level of the workpiece. (C1495)
C1
cohesive failure in the coating itself; L is often used to identify first
C2
drag, n—the resistance of the foot or base of a ceramic article
adhesive failure between the coating and the substrate. Multiple
subscripts can be used for progressive levels of distinct damage in a to shrinkage during firing time due to friction with the slab
specific coating-substrate systems.
or sagger on which it rests.
critical temperature difference, ∆T , n—temperature differ-
C
dressing, n—(1) the process of restoring the efficiency of an
ence between the furnace and the ambient temperature water
abrasive grinding wheel by removal of dulled grains; (2)
bath that will cause a 30 % drop in the average flexural
reshaping the faces of grinding wheels to special contours.
strength. (C1525)
dressing, n—a con
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: C1145 − 06 (Reapproved 2013) C1145 − 06 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Terminology of
Advanced Ceramics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1145; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—New definitions were added editorially in July 2018.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology contains definitions and explanatory notes for the principal words, phrases, and terms used in advanced
ceramics technology. The given definitions are technology-specific and are directly applicable to the design, production, testing,
analysis, characterization, and use of advanced ceramics for structural, electronic, coating, energy, chemical, nuclear, biomedical,
and environmental applications.
1.2 The purpose of the standard terminology is to provide a collected technical resource and reference that promotes a common
understanding of the principal technical terms used within the advanced ceramics community and encourages the use of uniform
terminology in specifications and reports.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
C1259 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by Impulse
Excitation of Vibration
C1368 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress Rate
Strength Testing at Ambient Temperature
C1421 Test Methods for Determination of Fracture Toughness of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
2. Terminology
absorbed moisture, n—water held within the materials and having physical properties not substantially different from ordinary
water at the same temperature and pressure.
adhesive failure, n—detachment and separation of a coating from the substrate with cracking and debonding at the
coating-substrate interface. (C1624)
adsorbate, n—material that has been retained by the process of adsorption. (C1274)
adsorbent, n—any solid having the ability to concentrate significant quantities of other substances on its surface. (C1274)
adsorption, n—process in which molecules are concentrated on a surface by chemical or physical forces, or both. (C1274)
adsorption isotherm, n—relation between the quantity of adsorbate and the equilibrium (relative) pressure of the adsorptive, at
constant temperature. (C1274)
DISCUSSION—
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.91 on Nomenclature
and Editorial.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013. Published March 2013. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C1145C1145 – 06.–06. DOI:
10.1520/C1145-06R13.10.1520/C1145-06R13E01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
C1145 − 06 (2013)
Typically, the amount adsorbed is presented on an isotherm as volume in cm STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure, that is, 273.15 K and 101325.02
Pa) normalized per mass of sample.
adsorptive, n—any substance available for adsorption. (C1274)
advanced ceramic, n—a highly engineered, high performance, predominately non-metallic, inorganic, ceramic material having
specific functional attributes. (C1198, C1259, C1292, C1322, C1368, C1525, C1576, C1674)
agglomerate, n—as used in fractography, a cluster of grains, particles, platelets, or whiskers, or a combination thereof, present
in a larger solid mass.
aggregate, n—a dense mass of particles held together by strong intermolecular or atomic cohesive forces. It is stable to normal
handling and ordinary mixing techniques including high-speed stirring and ultrasonics. ((C242)C242)
aliquot, n—a representative portion of a whole that divides the whole leaving a remainder. (C1274)
back-face strain, n—the strain as meaured with a strain gage mounted longitudinally on the compressive surface of the specimen,
opposite the crack or notch mouth (often this is the top surface of the specimen as tested). ((C1421)C1421)
base exchange, n—a surface property exhibited by collodial inorganic materials, usually clays, whereby absorbed surface cations
are replaced by other cations.
baseline flexure strength, n—in the context of this standard, refers to the flexure strength value obtained after application of a
grinding procedure specified in this standard. (C1495)
DISCUSSION—
For the advanced ceramics to which this this standard is applicable, the baseline flexure strength is expected to be a close approximation to the inherent
flexure strength.
blanchard grinding, n—a type of rotary grinding in which the workpiece is held on a rotating table with an axis of rotation that
is parallel to the (vertical) spindle axis. (C1495)
body, n—the structural portion of a ceramic article, or the material or mixture from which it is made. ((C242)C242)
breaking force, [F], n—the force at which fracture occurs in a test specimen. (C1674)
DISCUSSION—
In this test method, fracture consists of breakage of the test bar into two or more pieces or a loss of at least 50 % of the maximum force carrying
capacity.
brittle fracture, n—fracture that takes place with little or no preceding plastic deformation. (C1322)
bundle, n—a collection of parallel fibers. Synonym, tow. (C1557)
calcine, v (calcination,n)—firing or heating a granular or particulate solid at less than fusion temperature, but sufficient to remove
most of its chemically combined volatile matter (that is, H O, CO ) and otherwise to develop the desired properties for use.
2 2
capillary action, n—the phenomenon of intrusion of a liquid into interconnected small voids, pores, and channels in a solid,
resulting from surface tension.
casting, drain (hollow casting), v—forming ceramic ware by introducing a body slip into an open, porous mold, and then draining
off the remaining slip when the cast piece has reached the desired thickness. ((C242)C242)
cell pitch, (p), [L], n—the unit dimension/s for the cross-section of a cell in the honeycomb component. The cell pitch p is
calculated by measuring the specimen dimension of interest, the cell count in that dimension, and a cell wall thickness, where
p = (d – t )/n. (C1674)
DISCUSSION—
The cell pitch can be measured for both the height and width of the cell; those two measurements will be equal for a square cell geometry and uniform
cell wall thickness and will be unequal for a rectangular cell geometry.
cell wall thickness, (t), [L], n—the nominal thickness of the walls that form the cell channels of the honeycomb structure. (C1674)
censored strength data, n—strength measurements (that is, a sample) containing suspended observations such as that produced
by multiple competing or concurrent flaw populations. (C1239)
´1
C1145 − 06 (2013)
ceramic matrix composite, n—material consisting of two or more materials (insoluble in one another), in which the major,
continuous component (matrix component) is a ceramic, while the secondary component(s) (reinforcing component) may be
ceramic, glass-ceramic, glass, metal, or organic in nature. These components are combined on a macroscale to form a useful
engineering material possessing certain properties or behavior not possessed by the individual constituents. (C1275)
cermet, n—a composite material or article comprised of a ceramic and a metal or metal alloy, interdistributed in any of various
geometrical forms but intimately bonded together.
channel porosity, n—porosity in the porous ceramic component that is defined by the large, open longitudinal honeycomb
channels. Channel porosity generally has cross-sectional dimensions on the order of 1 millimeter or greater. (C1674)
chatter, n—an undesirable pattern created on the surface of a work piece, usually at regularly spaced intervals, due to an
out-of-round, out-of-balance condition or due to an induced natural frequency, or its harmonics, or both, in a grinding machine.
cohesive failure, n—material damage and cracking in the coating or in the substrate, separate and distinct from detachment and
adhesive debonding at the coating-substrate interface. (C1624)
colloidal particle, n—a dispersed particle with a linear dimension of 5 to 100 nm.
comminution, n—the act or process of reduction in particle size, usually but not necessarily by grinding or milling.
competing failure modes, n—distinguishably different types of fracture initiation events that result from concurrent (competing)
flaw distributions. (C1239)
complete gage section, n—the portion of the specimen between the two outer bearings in four-point flexure and three-point flexure
fixtures. (C1161, C1674)
DISCUSSION—
The complete four-point flexure gage section is twice the size of the inner gage section. Weibull statistical analysis only includes portions of the
specimen volume or surface which experience tensile stresses.
compositional inhomogeneity, (CI), n—as used in fractography, a volume-distributed flaw that is a microstructural irregularity
related to the nonuniform distribution of an additive, a different crystalline or glass phase or in a multiphase material, the
nonuniform distribution of a second phase.
compound flaw distributions, n—any form of multiple flaw distribution that is neither pure concurrent nor pure exclusive. A
simple example is where every test specimen contains the flaw distribution A, while some fraction of the test specimens also
contains a second independent flaw distribution B. (C1239)
concurrent flaw distributions, n—type of multiple flaw distribution in a homogeneous material where every test specimen of that
material contains representative flaws from each independent flaw population. Within a given test specimen, all flaw populations
are then present concurrently and are competing with each other to cause failure. This term is synonymous with “competing flaw
distributions.” (C1239)
‘constant applied stress-time to failure’ curve, n—a curve fitted to the values of time to failure at each of several applied stresses.
(C1576)
DISCUSSION—
In the ceramics literature, this is often called a “static fatigue” curve.
‘constant applied stress time-to-failure’ diagram, n—a plot of constant applied stress against time to failure. Constant applied
stress and time to failure are both plotted on logarithmic scales. (C1576)
continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite, composite (CFCC), n—a ceramic matrix composite in which the
reinforcing phase(s)phase consists of a continuous filaments, fibers,fiber, continuous yarn, braid, or knitted or a woven
fabrics.fabric. (C1275)
coolant, n—usually a liquid that is applied to the workpiece or wheel, or both, during grinding for cooling, removal of grinding
swarf, and for lubrication. (C1495)
coolant flow rate, n—volume of coolant per unit time delivered to the wheel and workpiece during grinding. (C1495)
crack, (CK), n—as used in fractography, a volume-distributed flaw that is a plane of fracture without complete separation.
crack deflection, n—a toughening mechanism in advanced ceramics or ceramic matrix composites characterized by fracture
surface roughening and crack tilting/twisting during propagation around grains or a reinforcing component caused by stress
´1
C1145 − 06 (2013)
fields around the grains or component developed through mismatches in thermal expansion or mechanical properties (such as
elastic modulus), or both, between grains or between reinforcement and matrix.
crack orientation, n—a description of the plane and direction of a fracture in relation to a characteristic direction of the product.
This identification is designated by a letter or letters indicating the plane and direction of crack extension. The letter or letters
represent the direction normal to the crack plane and the direction of crack propagation. ((C1421)C1421)
creep, n—the time-dependent part of a strain resulting from stress.
creep-feed grinding, n—a mode of grinding characterized by a relatively large wheel depth-of-cut and correspondingly low rate
of feed. (C1495)
critical scratch load (L ), n—applied normal force at which a specific, well-defined, recognizable damage/failure event occurs
CN
or is observed in the scratch test of a specific coating on a specific substrate. (C1624)
DISCUSSION—
The subscript N is used to identify progressive failure events. For example, L is often used to identify the first level of cohesive failure in the coating
C1
itself; L is often used to identify first adhesive failure between the coating and the substrate. Multiple subscripts can be used for progressive levels
C2
of distinct damage in a specific coating-substrate systems.
critical temperature difference, ΔT , n—temperature difference between the furnace and the ambient temperature water bath that
C
will cause a 30 % drop in the average flexural strength. (C1525)
cross-feed, n—increment of displacement or feed in the cross-feed direction. (C1495)
cross-feed direction, n—direction in the plane of grinding which is perpendicular to the principle direction of grinding. (C1495)
deairing, n—the process of removing entrapped air or absorbed air from a mass or slurry, usually by application of a vacuum.
depth of penetration, n—(1) the distance a penetrant has entered into a solid material as measured from the surface of the material;
(2) the maximum depth at which a magnetic or ultrasonic indication can be measured in a test specimen.
diamond paste, n—diamond dust dispersed in a paste or slurry for use as a grinding or polishing compound.
diamond tool, n—any tool in which the working area is inset with diamonds or diamond dust.
diamond wheel, n—a bonded grinding wheel in which the abrasive grains are crushed and sized natural or synthetic diamonds.
discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite, n—a ceramic matrix composite material reinforced by chopped fibers.
dish grinder, n—a grinding machine equipped
...
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