ASTM F1702-96(2002)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Shock-Attenuation Characteristics of Natural Playing Surface Systems Using Lightweight Portable Apparatus
Standard Test Method for Measuring Shock-Attenuation Characteristics of Natural Playing Surface Systems Using Lightweight Portable Apparatus
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The Gmax values obtained by these procedures are indicative of the cushioning properties of playing surfaces. Optional time history data can be used to describe further these properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shock-attenuation characteristics of natural turfgrass and soil playing surface systems using lightweight portable apparatus. This test method is applicable for comparing natural surfaces and for assessing the effects of management practices on shock attenuation. This test method also can be used to assess the compactibility of natural surfaces by recording G max values or penetration of successive impacts, or both.
1.2 This test method provides a procedure for assessing impact characteristics in the field, on actual playing surfaces and on research plots. Numerical data will not be comparable to data obtained using a different missile mass or geometry, using a different drop height, or using a different standard method, for example, Test Method F 355.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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An American National Standard
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Designation:F1702–96 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Shock-Attenuation Characteristics of Natural
Playing Surface Systems Using Lightweight Portable
Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1702; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—The reference in 9.3 was corrected editorially in August 2002.
1. Scope E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shock-
of a Lot or Process
attenuation characteristics of natural turfgrass and soil playing
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
surface systems using lightweight portable apparatus. This test
ASTM Test Methods
method is applicable for comparing natural surfaces and for
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
assessing the effects of management practices on shock attenu-
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
ation. This test method also can be used to assess the
F355 Test Method for Shock-Absorbing Properties of Play-
compactibility of natural surfaces by recording G values or
max
ing Surface Systems and Materials
penetration of successive impacts, or both.
1.2 This test method provides a procedure for assessing
3. Terminology
impact characteristics in the field, on actual playing surfaces
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
and on research plots. Numerical data will not be comparable
3.1.1 acceleration, n—theinstantaneoustimerateofchange
to data obtained using a different missile mass or geometry,
of velocity, which may be positive or negative.
using a different drop height, or using a different standard
3.1.2 G, n—the dimensionless ratio of the acceleration (a)
method, for example, Test Method F355.
of the missile during impact to the acceleration due to gravity
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
(g): G = a/g.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1.3 G , n—the maximum value of G encountered dur-
max
only.
ing impact.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 playing surface, n—the surface of contact with a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
player, ball, or any other object or animal utilizing the surface.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Anatural playing surface may be turfgrass or other vegetation,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
soil, sand, other natural organic and inorganic materials, or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
combinations of these types of surfaces.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.5 playing surface system, n—a composite that includes
2 the contact surface, energy-absorbing materials, if any, and the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
substrates.
D5874 Test Method for Determination of the Impact Value
3.1.6 turf, n—a covering of mowed vegetation, usually a
(IV) of a Soil
turfgrass, growing in association with an upper soil stratum of
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials
intermingled roots and stems.
3.1.7 turfgrass, n—a species or cultivar of grass, usually of
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
spreading habit, which is maintained as a mowed turf.
EquipmentandFacilitiesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeF08.64on
Natural Playing Surfaces.
4. Summary of Test Method
Current edition approved May 10, 1996. Published July 1996. DOI: 10.1520/
F1702-96R02E01. 4.1 A2.25-kg missile is dropped from a specific height onto
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
a playing surface. A linear accelerometer mounted on the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
missile monitors the acceleration and the time history of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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F1702–96 (2002)
impact. The G is detected, and with suitable instrumenta- 7. Test Unit
max
tion, the time history may be recorded optionally. Depth of
7.1 The test unit will be either:
penetration from successive drops may be recorded optionally
7.1.1 An area of a playing surface that has had similar use
as an indication of soil compactibility.
and that has similar surface-system characteristics (for ex-
ample, age, vegetation density, wear, soil moisture content)
NOTE 1—This test method is based on an impact tester developed by
Clegg (1,2). See Test Method D5874. Such impact testers are commer- within its limits, or
ciallyavailable.CommerciallyavailableCleggImpactSoilTestersdisplay
7.1.2 An experimental area (plot) subjected to uniform
results in impact value units, where one impact value equals ten G
max
treatment(s) that may or may not affect impact characteristics.
units, and typically do not display tenths of an impact value unit. For use
7.2 A test unit on a playing surface should not exceed
in this standard, the display should be altered by the manufacturer or
approximately 1 m .
authorized personnel to indicate tenths of an impact value or one G
max
unit. Also, other suitable recording equipment can be used to obtain
8. Number of Test Units
resolution to one G . A 4.5-kg missile has been used to evaluate road
max
basesurfaces(1,2).A0.5-kgpoly(vinylchloride)missilehasbeenutilized
8.1 Similar areas of use, wear, etc., may be used to replicate
to relate field surfaces to ball bounce (3-6), player response (77), and
test units on playing surfaces.
performance including injury potential (8).
8.2 To characterize adequately the surface variability on a
natural surface of a sports field, areas having different levels of
5. Significance and Use
use, wear, soil compaction, vegetative cover, etc., should be
5.1 The G values obtained by these procedures are
max
evaluated. If possible, replicate each type of use area.
indicative of the cushioning properties of playing surfaces.
8.3 Use a minimum of three test units (replications) in
Optional time history data can be used to describe further these
research experiments.
properties.
8.4 Due to the variable nature of natural surfaces, measure
6. Apparatus
and average at least four locations within a test unit to obtain
atestresult.Toobtainaspecificqualityassurancelevel,follow
6.1 Missile—Construct the 2.250 6 0.05-kg missile from a
the sampling procedures of Practices E105 and E122.
solid steel rod with a 5.0 6 0.02-cm diameter and a flat
impactingsurfacehavingaroundnessorbevelof0.5to1.0mm
9. Procedure
on the edge. Include a T-shaped handle or other appropriate
means for lifting the missile prior to dropping. The handle and
9.1 Operate and calibrate all recording equipment as recom-
accelerometer (rated at 5000 g) constitute a portion of the
mended by the manufacturer. Periodically, at least prior to and
missile mass. The missile should be marked around the
after each series of impact tests, check the instrumentation
circumference to obtain a reference point to the guide tube top,
output by dropping the missile on a standard surface, for
which will indicate drop height.
example, a stable synthetic material placed on a rigid concrete
6.2 Guide Tube—Construct the vented guide tube, through
or metal surface.
which the missile is dropped, of pipe having a smooth inside
9.2 Placetheguidetubeontheplayingsurfaceandmaintain
surfaceandanominalinsidediameterof5.08cm(2.0in.),such
in a vertical position during the drop.
as not to restrict a free fall of the missile, and a length of
9.3 Lift the missile to obtain a drop height of 45.76 0.3 cm
approximately 61 cm (24 in.). A bull’s eye level may be
(18.0 6 0.1 in.), and an approximate impact velocity of 2.85
attached to the guide tube to ensure that the tube is held in a
m/s (9). A mechanical stop may be attached to the top of the
verticalpositionduringmeasurements.Acircularendflangeon
guide tube to aid in achieving the exact drop height.
the base of the tube helps to stabilize the tube. The bottom of
9.4 Release the missile and record the G value. Lifting
max
the flange shall be milled so that it rests only on its perimeter the missile to an exact height and then releasing it freely is
and vented to allow for the escape of compressed air. Vents
possible with trained and experienced operators; however, a
may also be utilized instead in the side of the tube just above mechanical holding/releasing mechanism is recommended to
the flange.
insure proper height and release with less-experienced opera-
6.3 Recording Equipment—Follow the criteria below when tors. Such a mechanism should not in
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