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ASTM D2275-01

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Voltage Endurance of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Subjected to Partial Discharges (Corona) on the Surface

Standard Test Method for Voltage Endurance of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Subjected to Partial Discharges (Corona) on the Surface

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1.1 This test method differentiates among solid electrical insulating materials for use at commercial power frequencies with respect to their voltage endurance under the action of corona (see Note 1). In general, this test method is more meaningful for rating materials with respect to their resistance to prolonged a-c stress under corona conditions than is dielectric strength.
Note 1--The term "corona" is used almost exclusively in this test method instead of "partial discharge", because it is a visible glow at the edge of the smaller electrode. This is a difference in location, not in kind. Partial discharges also occur at the edges of electrodes, and in general corona describes an electrical discharge irrespective of its location.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2001
ICS
29.035.01 - Insulating materials in general
Technical Committee
D09 - Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials
Drafting Committee
D09.12 - Electrical Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2275-95 - Standard Test Method for Voltage Endurance of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Subjected to Partial Discharges (Corona) on the Surface
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D2275-01(2008)e1 - Standard Test Method for Voltage Endurance of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Subjected to Partial Discharges (Corona) on the Surface
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM D1868-20 - Standard Test Method for Detection and Measurement of Partial Discharge (Corona) Pulses in Evaluation of Insulation Systems
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM D8065/D8065M-16 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Specifying Plastic Films
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5047-17 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene Terephthalate Film and Sheeting
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6097-16 - Standard Test Method for Relative Resistance to Vented Water-Tree Growth in Solid Dielectric Insulating Materials
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001

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ASTM D2275-01 - Standard Test Method for Voltage Endurance of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Subjected to Partial Discharges (Corona) on the SurfaceASTM D2275-01 - Standard Test Method for Voltage Endurance of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Subjected to Partial Discharges (Corona) on the Surface
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ASTM D2275-01 - Standard Test Method for Voltage Endurance of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Subjected to Partial Discharges (Corona) on the Surface
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D2275–01
Standard Test Method for
Voltage Endurance of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials
1
Subjected to Partial Discharges (Corona) on the Surface
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2275; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope ity by Means of Aqueous Glycerin Solutions
D6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Ma-
1.1 This test method differentiates among solid electrical
4
terials for Testing
insulating materials for use at commercial power frequencies
4
E41 Terminology Relating to Conditioning
with respect to their voltage endurance under the action of
E104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity
corona (see Note 1). In general, this test method is more
5
by Means of Aqueous Solutions
meaningful for rating materials with respect to their resistance
E171 Specification for Standard Atmospheres for Condi-
to prolonged a-c stress under corona conditions than is dielec-
6
tioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Materials
tric strength.
2.2 Special Technical Publications:
NOTE 1—The term “corona” is used almost exclusively in this test 7
Symposium on Corona, STP 198, ASTM, 1956.
method instead of “partial discharge”, because it is a visible glow at the
Corona Measurement and Interpretation, Engineering Di-
edge of the smaller electrode. This is a difference in location, not in kind.
7
electrics, Vol 1, STP 669, ASTM, 1979.
Partial discharges also occur at the edges of electrodes, and in general
2.3 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
corona describes an electrical discharge irrespective of its location.
Documents:
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
IEC Publication60343 Recommended test methods for de-
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
termining the relative resistance of insulating materials to
only.
8
breakdown by surface discharges
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.4 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Document:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
IEEE SS 11205-TBR Guide for the Statistical Analysis of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
9
Electrical Insulation Voltage Endurance Data, 1987
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
statements, see Section 7.
3. Terminology
3.1 Fordefinitionsofothertermsusedinthisstandard,refer
2. Referenced Documents
to Terminology D1711 and Test Method D1868.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
3.2.1 threshold voltage—That voltage below which failure
Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials
will not occur under the test conditions irrespective of the
2
at Commercial Power Frequencies
duration of the test.
2
D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Demonstration of a threshold is diffi-
D1868 Test Method for Detection and Measurement of
cult when the slope of a volt-time curve is small, and failure
Partial Discharge (Corona) Pulses in Evaluation of Insu-
times are long. High frequency tests are often an aid in
2
lation Systems
D5032 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humid-
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.02.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.
1 5
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on Annual Boof of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03.
6
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
7
Subcommittee D09.12 on Electrical Tests. Available from ASTM Headquarters, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.
8
Current edition approved March 10, 2001. Published May 2001. Originally Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd St., 13th
published as D2275–64 T. Last previous edition D2275–95. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
2 9
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01. Available from IEEE Headquarters, 345 East 47th St., New York, NY 10017.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2275–01
demonstration, by reducing the time required to reach a values at rated power frequency. If the energy per cycle is the
necessary number of voltage cycles. same, it can be concluded that failure time is inversely
3.2.2 voltage endurance, n—The time
...

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5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics associated with smoke obscuration and resulting from burning the electrical insulating materials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables. The specimens are allowed to burn freely under well ventilated conditions after ignition by means of a propane gas burner.  
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5.1 During operation of electrical equipment, including wires, resistors, and other conductors, it is possible for overheating to occur under certain conditions of operation, or when malfunctions occur. When this happens, a possible result is ignition of the adjacent insulation material.  
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5.3 This test method determines the minimum temperature required to ignite a material by the effect of a glowing heat source, under the specified conditions of test.  
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1.4 This test method measures and describes the response or materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.)For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.  
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1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 1: Although this test method and IEC 60695-2-12 differ in approach and in detail, data obtained to determine the glow-wire flammability index (GWFI) using either test method are technically similar. Although this test method and IEC 60695-2-13 differ in approach and in detail, data obtained to determine the glow-wire ignition temperature (GWIT) using either test method are technically similar.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation

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1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of technical terms associated with testing and specifying solid electrical and electronic insulating materials.  
1.2 This terminology standard shall contain all definitions that are balloted specifically through Subcommittee D09.94 and through D09 main committee and that are of general interest to standards associated with electrical and electronic insulating materials. Those definitions shall be of importance to electrical and electronic insulating materials issues but need not be directly associated with a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials.  
1.3 It is intended that all definitions in this terminology standard originating in a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 be identical to definitions of the same terms as printed in standards of originating technical subcommittees, with the exceptions of: (1) deletion of any part of the Discussion included in another standard that refers specifically to the use of a term in that standard; (2) figure numbers and corresponding references; and (3) in this terminology standard, a parenthetical addition of a reference to one or more technical standards in which the term is used and the year in which the term was added to this compilation.  
1.3.1 Definitions contained in this terminology standard which did not originate in a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09, or which originated in a standard that has since been revised or withdrawn, and that have been appropriately balloted, shall also be included in this terminology standard.  
1.4 It is permissible to include symbols as part of the representation of terms, where appropriate.  
1.5 It is not intended that this terminology standard include symbols (except as noted in 1.4). It is also permissible to include acronyms and abbreviations referring directly to defined terms.  
1.6 Revisions and additions to those definitions in this terminology standard which originate in a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 are to be made as a product of a collaborative effort between Subcommittee D09.94 and the corresponding technical subcommittee of Committee D09, with Subcommittee D09.94 providing editorial advice to the technical subcommittees.  
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4.1 Ovens used for thermal evaluation of insulating materials are to be capable of maintaining uniform conditions of temperature and air circulation over the extended periods of time that are required for conducting these tests. Specification D5423 specifies the permissible variations from absolute uniformity that have been accepted internationally for these ovens. These test methods include procedures for measuring these variations and other specified characteristics of the ovens.
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1.1 These test methods cover procedures for evaluating the characteristics of forced-convection ventilated electrically-heated ovens, operating over all or part of the temperature range from 20 °C above the ambient temperature to 500 °C and used for thermal endurance evaluation of electrical insulating materials.  
1.2 These test methods are based on IEC Publication 60216-4-1, and are technically identical to it. This compilation of test methods and an associated specification, D5423, have replaced Specification D2436.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Specification for Pressboard for Electrical Insulating Purposes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes as well as for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus. Pressboards under this specification are of three types: Type 1 consists of high-purity (Grade 1.1) calendered pressboards, while Type 2 consists of normal-purity (Grades 2.1.1, 2.2.1, 2.3.1, and 2.3.2) calendered pressboards. Precompressed pressboards (Grades 3.1.1, 3.2.1, and 3.3) fall under Type 3. Not included in this specification, however, are pressboards comprised of two or more sheets laminated together using an adhesive. Pressboards shall be manufactured from unbleached kraft pulp, cotton pulp, or a combination of both, and shall conform to the thickness, density, surface texture (smooth calendered surface for Types1 and 2, and fine-textured finish for Type 3), and color (from tan to blue-gray, depending on the pressboard's grade) requirements specified. The pressboard must also be free of dirt, metal particles, and other foreign material. Tests for apparent density, thickness, moisture and ash content, aqueous extract conductivity, chloride content, tensile strength, pH of aqueous extract, dielectric strength in air and in oil, shrinkage, and compressibility shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes, manufactured from kraft, cotton, or kraft and cotton pulps. This board is intended for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus.  
1.2 Electrical insulating boards are most commonly referred to (and will be referred to herein) as pressboard. Other terms used for pressboard include transformer board, fuller board, and presspan.  
1.3 This specification covers pressboard having a nominal thickness of 0.030 to 0.315 in. (0.8 to 8.0 mm). For thinner material refer to Specification D1305.  
1.4 The maximum thickness available will differ with the type and the manufacturer. The maximum sheet size will differ with the thickness, type, and manufacturer.  
1.5 Pressboard shall normally be plied wet without pasting. Unless specified by the purchaser, this specification does not include pressboard comprised of two or more sheets that have been laminated together using an adhesive.
Note 1: The materials described in this specification are similar to corresponding types of pressboard described in IEC Specification 641-3, Sheet 1, Types B.0.1, B.2.1, B.2.3, B.3.1, and B.3.3.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3394-16(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Electrical Insulating Board

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
19.1 Apparent density affects the dielectric and physical characteristics of insulating board and is a factor in the economics of its use in apparatus. This test is useful for specification, design, and quality control purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of electrical insulating boards. These boards are porous, usually fibrous sheets used for dielectric and structural purposes in electrical apparatus.  
1.2 These test methods are not intended for testing vulcanized fibre or molded laminated sheets.  
1.3 These test methods are applicable to board materials having a nominal thickness of at least 0.030 in. (0.76 mm).  
Note 1: For materials thinner than 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) see Test Methods D202.  
1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:    
Sections  
ASTM Method
Reference  
Apparent Density  
18 – 23  
Aqueous Extract Characteristics  
36 – 42  
D202  
Ash Content  
43 – 46  
T 413  
Compatibility with Dielectric
Liquids  
47 – 52  
D664, D877, D924,
D971, D974, D1169,
D1500, D1816,
D3455, D3487  
Compressibility  
79 – 85  
Conditioning  
11  
D685  
Degree of Polymerization  
86 – 89  
D4243  
Dielectric Strength in Air  
53 – 59  
D149  
Dielectric Strength in Oil  
60 – 65  
D149, D2413, D3426  
Dimensions of Sheets  
12 – 17  
Moisture Content  
31 – 35  
D644  
Oil Absorption  
72 – 78  
Reports  
10  
Sampling  
6 – 9  
D3636  
Shrinkage  
24 – 30  
D644  
Tensile Properties  
66 – 71  
D202  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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