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ASTM E428-08

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing

Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Reference blocks fabricated in accordance with this practice will exhibit specific area-amplitude and distance-amplitude relationships only with an immersion test at 5 MHz using the search unit, test instrument and test parameters described in this practice. Comparison test at other frequencies or with uncalibrated instruments will not necessarily give the same relationships shown in this practice. See Reference (1) for area-amplitude limitations at other frequencies and transducer diameters. Also see Reference (2) for cautions regarding use of standard blocks for test standardizations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for fabrication and control of metal alloy reference blocks used in ultrasonic examination that have a flat-surface sound entry, are cylindrical in shape, and contain flat-bottom holes (FBH) which may be used for checking the performance of ultrasonic examination instrumentation and search units and for standardization and control of ultrasonic examination of metal alloy products. The reference blocks described are suitable for use with either the direct-contact method or immersion pulse-echo ultrasonic methods.
Note 1—Use of flat-surface reference blocks may not be suitable for cylindrical materials (3) .
1.2 While this procedure is basically designed for the fabrication and control of carbon and alloy steel blocks to be used in conjunction with the examination of these materials, the fabrication and control procedures may also be suitable for the preparation of blocks for other types of materials such as nickel-base alloys, certain types of aluminum alloys, and so forth. Additional procedures and controls may be required when fabricating reference blocks from other than carbon or alloy steel material. This practice shall in no way preclude the specification or addition of any supplemented requirements as deemed necessary for the specific application. This practice, however, must not be confused with, nor does it supersede Practice E 127, specifically governing the fabrication and evaluation of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ultrasonic standard reference blocks.
Note 2—Practice E 127 and Guide E 1158 also describe procedures for selecting material, fabricating blocks, and checking response. Unlike this practice, Practice E 127 has requirements for evaluation relative to a specified standard target.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2008
ICS
77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.06 - Ultrasonic Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E428-05a - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum Reference, Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Examination
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Replaced By
ASTM E428-08(2013) - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing (Withdrawn 2019)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM A503/A503M-15(2020) - Standard Specification for Ultrasonic Examination of Forged Crankshafts
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM E1774-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM E588-03(2020) - Standard Practice for Detection of Large Inclusions in Bearing Quality Steel by the Ultrasonic Method
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM A646/A646M-17(2022) - Standard Specification for Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace Forgings
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM E127-20 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Flat Bottomed Hole Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM A745/A745M-20 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel Forgings
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM A388/A388M-19 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM A508/A508M-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM A1-00(2018) - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Tee Rails
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM A788/A788M-23 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008

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ASTM E428-08 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic TestingASTM E428-08 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing
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REDLINE ASTM E428-08 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic TestingREDLINE ASTM E428-08 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E428 − 08
StandardPractice for
Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum,
1
Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E428; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This specification has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.3 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for fabrication and
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
control of metal alloy reference blocks used in ultrasonic
and are not considered standard.
examinationthathaveaflat-surfacesoundentry,arecylindrical
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
in shape, and contain flat-bottom holes (FBH) which may be
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
used for checking the performance of ultrasonic examination
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
instrumentation and search units and for standardization and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
control of ultrasonic examination of metal alloy products. The
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
reference blocks described are suitable for use with either the
direct-contact method or immersion pulse-echo ultrasonic
2. Referenced Documents
methods.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
NOTE 1—Use of flat-surface reference blocks may not be suitable for
2
E127Practice for Fabricating and Checking Aluminum Al-
cylindrical materials (3) .
loy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks
1.2 While this procedure is basically designed for the
E1158Guide for Material Selection and Fabrication of
fabrication and control of carbon and alloy steel blocks to be
Reference Blocks for the Pulsed Longitudinal Wave Ul-
used in conjunction with the examination of these materials,
trasonic Testing of Metal and Metal Alloy Production
the fabrication and control procedures may also be suitable for
Material
the preparation of blocks for other types of materials such as
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
nickel-base alloys, certain types of aluminum alloys, and so
forth. Additional procedures and controls may be required
3. Terminology
when fabricating reference blocks from other than carbon or
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
alloy steel material. This practice shall in no way preclude the
practice, see Terminology E1316.
specification or addition of any supplemented requirements as
deemed necessary for the specific application. This practice,
4. Summary of Practice
however, must not be confused with, nor does it supersede
Practice E127, specifically governing the fabrication and
4.1 This practice details a basic fabrication and control
evaluation of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ultrasonic standard
procedure and defines the minimum requirements to be met in
reference blocks.
matching carbon and alloy steel reference blocks with the
material to be examined. Additional supplemental require-
NOTE 2—Practice E127 and Guide E1158 also describe procedures for
ments may be needed when using this practice to fabricate
selecting material, fabricating blocks, and checking response. Unlike this
practice, Practice E127 has requirements for evaluation relative to a
reference blocks from other types of materials or with larger
specified standard target.
diameterholes.Thephysicalcharacteristicsoftheholemaybe
established by evaluating plastic replicas. It must be recog-
nized however that there are limitations on the size hole that
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
may be replicated and evaluated.
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on
Ultrasonic Method.
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2008.PublishedJuly2008.Originallyapproved
3
in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E428-05a. DOI: 10.1520/ For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
E0428-08. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this standard. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E428 − 08
5. Significance and Use changes usually yield readily discernible differences in acous-
tic response and rest
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E428–05a Designation: E 428 – 08
Standard Practice for
Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum,
1
Reference, Blocks Used in Ultrasonic ExaminationTesting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 428; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This specification has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for fabrication and control of metal alloy reference blocks used in ultrasonic examination
that have a flat-surface sound entry, are cylindrical in shape, and contain flat-bottom holes (FBH) which may be used for checking
the performance of ultrasonic examination instrumentation and search units and for standardization and control of ultrasonic
examination of metal alloy products. The reference blocks described are suitable for use with either the direct-contact method or
immersion pulse-echo ultrasonic methods.
2
NOTE 1—Use of flat-surface reference blocks may not be suitable for cylindrical materials (3) .
1.2 While this procedure is basically designed for the fabrication and control of carbon and alloy steel blocks to be used in
conjunctionwiththeexaminationofthesematerials,thefabricationandcontrolproceduresmayalsobesuitableforthepreparation
of blocks for other types of materials such as nickel-base alloys, certain types of aluminum alloys, and so forth. Additional
procedures and controls may be required when fabricating reference blocks from other than carbon or alloy steel material. This
practice shall in no way preclude the specification or addition of any supplemented requirements as deemed necessary for the
specific application. This practice, however, must not be confused with, nor does it supersede Practice E 127, specifically
governing the fabrication and evaluation of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy ultrasonic standard reference blocks.
NOTE 2—Practice E 127 and Guide E 1158 also describe procedures for selecting material, fabricating blocks, and checking response. Unlike this
practice, Practice E 127 has requirements for evaluation relative to a specified standard target.
1.3The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 127 Practice for Fabricating and Checking Aluminum Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks
E 1158 Guide for Material Selection and Fabrication of Reference Blocks for the Pulsed Longitudinal Wave Ultrasonic
Examination of Metal and Metal Alloy Production Material
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive TestingExaminations
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions— For definitions of terms used in this practice, see Terminology E 1316.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 This practice details a basic fabrication and control procedure and defines the minimum requirements to be met in matching
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on NondestructiveTesting and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on UltrasonicTesting
Procedures. Method.
Current edition approved Dec.July 1, 2005.2008. Published January 2006.July 2008. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E 428 - 05a.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E428–08
carbon and alloy steel reference blocks with the material to be examined. Additional supplemental requirement
...

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4.1 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images to produce satisfactory and consistent results. This practice is not intended for controlling the acceptability of the casting. The radioscopic method may be used for detecting volumetric discontinuities and density variations that are within the sensitivity range of this practice. The dynamic aspects of radioscopy are useful for maximizing defect response.
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4.4 Artifacts are often the limiting factor in CT image quality. (See Practice E1570 for an in-depth discussion of artifacts.) Artifacts are reproducible features in an image that are not related to actual features in the object. Artifacts can be considered correlated noise because they form repeatable fixed patterns under given conditions yet carry no object information. For castings, it is imperative to recognize what is and is not an artifact since an artifact can obscure or masquerade as a discontinuity. Artifacts are most prevalent in castings with long straight edges or complex geometries, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for the examination of castings by the computed tomography (CT) technique. The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the nondestructive examination by CT and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of the castings. This practice implicitly suggests the use of penetrating radiation, specifically X rays and gamma rays.  
1.2 This practice provides a uniform procedure for a CT examination of castings for one or more of the following purposes:  
1.2.1 Examining for discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink;  
1.2.2 Performing metrological measurements and determining dimensional conformance; and  
1.2.3 Determining reverse engineering data, that is, creating computer-aided design (CAD) data files.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E215-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Standardizing Equipment and Electromagnetic Examination of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy Tube

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The examination is performed by passing the tube lengthwise through or near an eddy current sensor energized with alternating current of one or more frequencies. The electrical impedance of the eddy current sensor is modified by the proximity of the tube. The extent of this modification is determined by the distance between the eddy current sensor and the tube, the dimensions, and electrical conductivity of the tube. The presence of metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities in the tube will alter the apparent impedance of the eddy current sensor. During passage of the tube, the changes in eddy current sensor characteristics caused by localized differences in the tube produce electrical signals which are amplified and modified to actuate either an audio or visual signaling device or a mechanical marker to indicate the position of discontinuities in the tube length. Signals can be produced by discontinuities located either on the external or internal surface of the tube or by discontinuities totally contained within the tube wall.  
4.2 The depth of penetration of eddy currents in the tube wall is influenced by the conductivity (alloy) of the material being examined and the excitation frequency employed. As defined by the standard depth of penetration equation, the eddy current penetration depth is inversely related to conductivity and excitation frequency (Note 2). Beyond one standard depth of penetration (SDP), the capacity to detect discontinuities by eddy currents is reduced. Electromagnetic examination of seamless aluminum alloy tube is most effective when the wall thickness does not exceed the SDP or in heavier tube walls when discontinuities of interest are within one SDP. The limit for detecting metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities by way of conventional eddy current sensors is generally accepted to be approximately three times the SDP point and is referred to as the effective depth of penetration (EDP).
Note 2: The standard depth of penetratio...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 is for standardizing eddy current equipment employed in the examination of seamless aluminum-alloy tube. Artificial discontinuities consisting of flat-bottomed or through holes, or both, are employed as the means of standardizing the eddy current system. General requirements for eddy current examination procedures are included.  
1.2 Procedures for fabrication of reference standards are given in X1.1 and X2.1.  
1.3 This practice is intended for the examination of tubular products having nominal diameters up to 4 in. (101.6 mm) and wall thicknesses up to the standard depth of penetration (SDP) of eddy currents for the particular alloy (conductivity) being examined and the examination frequency being used.  
Note 1: This practice may also be used for larger diameters or heavier walls up to the effective depth of penetration (EDP) of eddy currents as long as adequate resolution is obtained and as specified by the using party or parties.  
1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria. They must be established by the using party or parties.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1774-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—Ultrasonic testing is a widely used nondestructive method for the examination of a material. The majority of ultrasonic examinations are performed using transducers that directly convert electrical energy into acoustic energy through the use of piezoelectric crystals. This guide describes an alternate technique in which electromagnetic energy is used to produce acoustic energy inside an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material. EMATs have unique characteristics when compared to conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic search units, making them a significant tool for some ultrasonic examination applications.  
4.2 Principle—An electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) generates and receives ultrasonic waves without the need to contact the material in which the acoustic waves are traveling. The use of an EMAT requires that the material to be examined be electrically conductive or ferromagnetic, or both. There are two basic components of an EMAT system, a magnet and a coil. The magnet may be an electromagnet or a permanent magnet, which is used to produce a magnetic field in the material under test. The coil is driven using alternating current at the desired ultrasonic frequency. The coil and AC current also induce a surface magnetic field in the material under test. In the presence of the static magnetic field, the surface current experiences Lorentz forces that produce the desired ultrasonic waves. Upon reception of an ultrasonic wave, the surface of the conductor oscillates in the presence of a magnetic field, thus inducing a voltage in the coil. The transduction process occurs within an electromagnetic skin depth. The EMAT forms the basis for a very reproducible noncontact system for generating and detecting ultrasonic waves.  
4.3 Specific Advantages—Since an EMAT technique does not have to be in contact with the material under examination, no fluid couplant is required. Important consequences of this include applications to moving objects, in...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended primarily for tutorial purposes. It provides an overview of the general principles governing the operation and use of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for ultrasonic examination.  
1.2 This guide describes a non-contact technique for coupling ultrasonic energy into an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material, or both, through the use of electromagnetic fields. This guide describes the theory of operation and basic design considerations as well as the advantages and limitations of the technique.  
1.3 This guide is intended to serve as a general reference to assist in determining the usefulness of EMATs for a given application as well as provide fundamental information regarding their design and operation. This guide provides guidance for the generation of longitudinal, shear, Rayleigh, and Lamb wave modes using EMATs.  
1.4 This guide does not contain detailed procedures for the use of EMATs in any specific applications; nor does it promote the use of EMATs without thorough testing prior to their use for examination purposes. Some applications in which EMATs have been applied successfully are outlined in Section 9.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Co...

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ASTM
ASTM E3024/E3024M-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for General Industry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flux in the part.  
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for industrial applications. Refer to Practice E1444/E1444M for aerospace applications. Guide E709 may be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.  
1.3 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the Level III or the cognizant engineering organization, as applicable, and the supplier.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4.1 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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