ASTM D150-18

Standard Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Permittivity—Insulating materials are used in general in two distinct ways, (1) to support and insulate components of an electrical network from each other and from ground, and (2) to function as the dielectric of a capacitor. For the first use, it is generally desirable to have the capacitance of the support as small as possible, consistent with acceptable mechanical, chemical, and heat-resisting properties. A low value of permittivity is thus desirable. For the second use, it is desirable to have a high value of permittivity, so that the capacitor is able to be physically as small as possible. Intermediate values of permittivity are sometimes used for grading stresses at the edge or end of a conductor to minimize ac corona. Factors affecting permittivity are discussed in Appendix X3.  
5.2 AC Loss—For both cases (as electrical insulation and as capacitor dielectric) the ac loss generally needs to be small, both in order to reduce the heating of the material and to minimize its effect on the rest of the network. In high frequency applications, a low value of loss index is particularly desirable, since for a given value of loss index, the dielectric loss increases directly with frequency. In certain dielectric configurations such as are used in terminating bushings and cables for test, an increased loss, usually obtained from increased conductivity, is sometimes introduced to control the voltage gradient. In comparisons of materials having approximately the same permittivity or in the use of any material under such conditions that its permittivity remains essentially constant, it is potentially useful to consider also dissipation factor, power factor, phase angle, or loss angle. Factors affecting ac loss are discussed in Appendix X3.  
5.3 Correlation—When adequate correlating data are available, dissipation factor or power factor are useful to indicate the characteristics of a material in other respects such as dielectric breakdown, moisture content, degree o...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of relative permittivity, dissipation factor, loss index, power factor, phase angle, and loss angle of specimens of solid electrical insulating materials when the standards used are lumped impedances. The frequency range addressed extends from less than 1 Hz to several hundred megahertz.  
Note 1: In common usage, the word relative is frequently dropped.  
1.2 These test methods provide general information on a variety of electrodes, apparatus, and measurement techniques. A reader interested in issues associated with a specific material needs to consult ASTM standards or other documents directly applicable to the material to be tested.2,3  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 10.2.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2018
• ICS: 83.060 - Rubber
• Technical Committee: D09 - Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials
• Drafting Committee: D09.12 - Electrical Tests

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D150 − 18
Standard Test Methods for
AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric
1
Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D150; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of relative
D374Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
permittivity, dissipation factor, loss index, power factor, phase
lation (Metric) D0374_D0374M
angle,andlossangleofspecimensofsolidelectricalinsulating
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
materialswhenthestandardsusedarelumpedimpedances.The
D1531Test Methods for Relative Permittivity (Dielectric
frequency range addressed extends from less than 1 Hz to
Constant) and Dissipation Factor by Fluid Displacement
several hundred megahertz.
5
Procedures (Withdrawn 2012)
D1711Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
NOTE 1—In common usage, the word relative is frequently dropped.
D5032PracticeforMaintainingConstantRelativeHumidity
1.2 These test methods provide general information on a
by Means of Aqueous Glycerin Solutions
variety of electrodes, apparatus, and measurement techniques.
E104Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity
Areaderinterestedinissuesassociatedwithaspecificmaterial
by Means of Aqueous Solutions
needs to consultASTM standards or other documents directly
2,3
applicable to the material to be tested. 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 Use Terminology D1711 for definitions of terms used
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in these test methods and associated with electrical insulation
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
materials.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.1 capacitance, C, n—that property of a system of
For specific hazard statements, see 10.2.1.
conductors and dielectrics which permits the storage of elec-
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
trically separated charges when potential differences exist
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
between the conductors.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Capacitanceistheratioofaquantity, q,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
ofelectricitytoapotentialdifference, V.Acapacitancevalueis
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
always positive. The units are farads when the charge is
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
expressed in coulombs and the potential in volts:
C 5 q/V (1)
3.2.2 dissipation factor, (D), (loss tangent), (tan δ), n—the
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on
ratioofthelossindex(κ")totherelativepermittivity(κ')which
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D09.12 on Electrical Tests. is equal to the tangent of its loss angle (δ) or the cotangent of
Current edition approved May 1, 2018. Published May 2018. Originally
its phase angle (θ) (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
approved in 1922. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D150–11. DOI:
D 5 κ"/κ' (2)
10.1520/D0150-18.
2
R. Bartnikas, Chapter 2, “Alternating-Current Loss and Permittivity
Measurements,” Engineering Dielectrics, Vol. IIB, Electrical Properties of Solid
4
Insulating Materials, Measurement Techniques, R. Bartnikas, Editor, STP 926, For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ASTM, Philadelphia, 1987. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
R. Bartnikas, Chapter 1, “Dielectric Loss in Solids,” Engineering Dielectrics, Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
VolIIA,ElectricalPropertiesofSolidInsulatingMaterials:MolecularStructureand the ASTM website.
5
Electrical Behavior, R. Bartnikas and R. M. Eichorn, Editors, STP 783, ASTM The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Philadelphia, 1983. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D150 − 18
FIG. 4 Series Circuit
FIG. 1 Vector Diagram for Parallel Circuit
3.2.3
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D150 − 11 D150 − 18
Standard Test Methods for
AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric
1
Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D150; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of relative permittivity, dissipation factor, loss index, power factor, phase angle,
and loss angle of specimens of solid electrical insulating materials when the standards used are lumped impedances. The frequency
range addressed extends from less than 1 Hz to several hundred megahertz.
NOTE 1—In common usage, the word relative is frequently dropped.
1.2 These test methods provide general information on a variety of electrodes, apparatus, and measurement techniques. A reader
interested in issues associated with a specific material needs to consult ASTM standards or other documents directly applicable
2,3
to the material to be tested.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 7.2.6.1 and 10.2.1.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insulation (Metric) D0374_D0374M
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D1082 Test Method for Dissipation Factor and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Mica
D1531 Test Methods for Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) and Dissipation Factor by Fluid Displacement Procedures
5
(Withdrawn 2012)
D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
D5032 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by Means of Aqueous Glycerin Solutions
E104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by Means of Aqueous Solutions
5
E197 Specification for Enclosures and Servicing Units for Tests Above and Below Room Temperature (Withdrawn 1981)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Use Terminology D1711 for definitions of terms used in these test methods and associated with electrical insulation
materials.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D09.12 on Electrical Tests.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011May 1, 2018. Published August 2011May 2018. Originally approved in 1922. Last previous edition approved in 20042011 as
D150 – 98 (2004).D150 – 11. DOI: 10.1520/D0150-11.10.1520/D0150-18.
2
R. Bartnikas, Chapter 2, “Alternating-Current Loss and Permittivity Measurements,” Engineering Dielectrics, Vol. IIB, Electrical Properties of Solid Insulating Materials,
Measurement Techniques, R. Bartnikas, Editor, STP 926, ASTM, Philadelphia, 1987.
3
R. Bartnikas, Chapter 1, “Dielectric Loss in Solids,” Engineering Dielectrics, Vol IIA, Electrical Properties of Solid Insulating Materials: Molecular Structure and
Electrical Behavior, R. Bartnikas and R. M. Eichorn, Editors, STP 783, ASTM Philadelphia, 1983.
4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
5
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D150 − 18
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 capacitance, C, n—that property of a system of condu
...