ASTM E2557-16a
(Practice)Standard Practice for Probable Maximum Loss (PML) Evaluations for Earthquake Due-Diligence Assessments
Standard Practice for Probable Maximum Loss (PML) Evaluations for Earthquake Due-Diligence Assessments<rangeref></rangeref >
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for use as a voluntary standard by parties who wish to undertake the seismic risk assessment of properties. The goal is for users to objectively and reliably compare the financial risks of earthquake damage to buildings, or groups of buildings, on a consistent basis.
5.2 This practice is designed to provide requirements for the evaluation of earthquake damage risk so that technical reports prepared for the evaluation and rating of seismic risk of a building(s) will be adequate for use by other entities. Potential users including, but are not be limited to, those making equity investments, lending, and financial transactions, including securitized mortgage lending by mortgage originators, loan servicers, underwriters, rating agencies, and purchasers of bonds secured by the real estate.
5.3 The use of this practice may permit a user to satisfy, in part, their requirements for due diligence in assessing a property's potential for losses associated with earthquakes for real estate transactions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes standard-of-care for evaluation and classification of the financial risks from earthquake damage to real estate improvements for use in financial mortgage transactions and capital investment evaluation. As such, this practice permits a user to satisfy, in part, their real estate transaction due-diligence requirements with respect to assessing and characterizing a property’s potential losses from earthquakes. This practice is intended to address only physical damage to the property from site and building response.
1.1.1 Hazards addressed in this practice include earthquake ground shaking, earthquake-caused site instability, including faulting, subsidence, settlement landslides and soil liquefaction, earthquake-caused tsunamis and seiches, and earthquake-caused flooding from dam or dike failures.
1.1.2 Earthquake-caused fires and toxic materials releases are not hazards considered in this practice.
1.1.3 This practice does not purport to provide for the preservation of life safety, or prevention of building damage associated with its use, or both.
1.1.3.1 This practice does not address requirements of any federal, state, or local laws and regulations of building construction or maintenance. Users are cautioned that current federal, state, and local laws and regulations may differ from those in effect at the times of construction or modification of the building(s), or both.
1.1.3.2 This practice does not address the contractual and legal obligations between prior and subsequent Users of seismic risk assessment reports or between providers who prepared the report and those who would like to use such prior reports.
1.1.3.3 This practice does not address the contractual and legal obligations between a provider and a user, and other parties, if any.
1.1.4 It is the responsibility of the owner of the building(s) to establish appropriate life-safety and damage prevention practices and determine the applicability of current regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 Considerations not included in the scope: the impacts of damage to contents, loss of income(s), rents, or other economic benefits of use of the property, or from legal judgments, fire sprinkler water-induced damage or fire.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2557 − 16a
Standard Practice for
Probable Maximum Loss (PML) Evaluations for Earthquake
1,2
Due-Diligence Assessments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2557; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.1.4 It is the responsibility of the owner of the building(s)
to establish appropriate life-safety and damage prevention
1.1 This practice establishes standard-of-care for evaluation
practices and determine the applicability of current regulatory
and classification of the financial risks from earthquake dam-
limitations prior to use.
age to real estate improvements for use in financial mortgage
transactions and capital investment evaluation. As such, this 1.2 Considerations not included in the scope: the impacts of
practice permits a user to satisfy, in part, their real estate damagetocontents,lossofincome(s),rents,orothereconomic
transaction due-diligence requirements with respect to assess- benefits of use of the property, or from legal judgments, fire
ing and characterizing a property’s potential losses from sprinkler water-induced damage or fire.
earthquakes. This practice is intended to address only physical
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
damage to the property from site and building response.
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
1.1.1 Hazards addressed in this practice include earthquake
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
ground shaking, earthquake-caused site instability, including
and are not considered standard.
faulting, subsidence, settlement landslides and soil
liquefaction, earthquake-caused tsunamis and seiches, and
2. Referenced Documents
earthquake-caused flooding from dam or dike failures.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.2 Earthquake-caused fires and toxic materials releases
E2026 Guide for Seismic Risk Assessment of Buildings
are not hazards considered in this practice.
4
2.2 Other Standards:
1.1.3 This practice does not purport to provide for the
UBC-97 Uniform Building Code, 1997 Edition
preservation of life safety, or prevention of building damage
IBC International Building Code, current edition
associated with its use, or both.
5
2.3 ASCE Standards:
1.1.3.1 This practice does not address requirements of any
ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
federal, state, or local laws and regulations of building con-
Structures, current edition
struction or maintenance. Users are cautioned that current
ASCE 41 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing
federal, state, and local laws and regulations may differ from
Buildings, current edition
those in effect at the times of construction or modification of
the building(s), or both.
3. Terminology
1.1.3.2 This practice does not address the contractual and
3.1 See also definitions in Guide E2026.
legal obligations between prior and subsequent Users of
seismic risk assessment reports or between providers who
3.2 475-year site ground motions, n—seismic induced
prepared the report and those who would like to use such prior
ground motions at a site with approximately: a return period of
reports.
475years,a10 %probabilityofexceedancein50years,andan
1.1.3.3 This practice does not address the contractual and
annual frequency of 0.21 %. Also referred to as the DBE.
legal obligations between a provider and a user, and other
3.3 field assessor, n—field assessor, as defined in Guide
parties, if any.
E2026.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-
3
mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.25 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Whole Buildings and Facilities. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved May 15, 2016. Published June 2016. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E2557-16. DOI: the ASTM website.
4
10.1520/E2557-16A. Available from International Code Council (ICC), 500 New Jersey Ave., NW,
2
Portions of this publication reproduce content from the 1997 Uniform Building 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, http://www.iccsafe.org.
5
Code, International Code Council, Inc., Falls Church, Virginia. Reproduced with Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander
permission. All rights res
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2557 − 16 E2557 − 16a An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Probable Maximum Loss (PML) Evaluations for Earthquake
1,2
Due-Diligence Assessments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2557; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice establishes standard-of-care for evaluation and classification of the financial risks from earthquake damage to
real estate improvements for use in financial mortgage transactions and capital investment evaluation. As such, this practice permits
a user to satisfy, in part, their real estate transaction due-diligence requirements with respect to assessing and characterizing a
property’s potential losses from earthquakes. This practice is intended to address only physical damage to the property from site
and building response.
1.1.1 Hazards addressed in this practice include earthquake ground shaking, earthquake-caused site instability, including
faulting, subsidence, settlement landslides and soil liquefaction, earthquake-caused tsunamis and seiches, and earthquake-caused
flooding from dam or dike failures.
1.1.2 Earthquake-caused fires and toxic materials releases are not hazards considered in this practice.
1.1.3 This practice does not purport to provide for the preservation of life safety, or prevention of building damage associated
with its use, or both.
1.1.3.1 This practice does not address requirements of any federal, state, or local laws and regulations of building construction
or maintenance. Users are cautioned that current federal, state, and local laws and regulations may differ from those in effect at
the times of construction or modification of the building(s), or both.
1.1.3.2 This practice does not address the contractual and legal obligations between prior and subsequent Users of seismic risk
assessment reports or between providers who prepared the report and those who would like to use such prior reports.
1.1.3.3 This practice does not address the contractual and legal obligations between a provider and a user, and other parties, if
any.
1.1.4 It is the responsibility of the owner of the building(s) to establish appropriate life-safety and damage prevention practices
and determine the applicability of current regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 Considerations not included in the scope: the impacts of damage to contents, loss of income(s), rents, or other economic
benefits of use of the property, or from legal judgments, fire sprinkler water-induced damage or fire.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E2026 Guide for Seismic Risk Assessment of Buildings
4
2.2 Other Standards:
UBC-97 Uniform Building Code, 1997 Edition
IBC International Building Code, current edition
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.25 on Whole Buildings
and Facilities.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016May 15, 2016. Published June 2016. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20072016 as E2557-07.-16.
DOI: 10.1520/E2557-16.10.1520/E2557-16A.
2
Portions of this publication reproduce content from the 1997 Uniform Building Code, International Code Council, Inc., Falls Church, Virginia. Reproduced with
permission. All rights reserved.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from International Code Council (ICC), 500 New Jersey Ave., NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, http://www.iccsafe.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E2557 − 16a
5
2.3 ASCE Standards:
ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, current edition
ASCE 41 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings, current edition
3. Terminology
3.1 See
...
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