ASTM E949-88(1996)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Total Moisture in a Refuse-Derived Fuel Laboratory Sample
Standard Test Method for Total Moisture in a Refuse-Derived Fuel Laboratory Sample
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the total moisture in RDF as it exists at the time it is sampled. Because of its empirical nature, strict adherence to test procedures are required for valid results. The standard is available to producers, vendors, and consumers as a total, two-stage moisture method.
1.2 Since RDF can vary from extremely wet (water saturated) to relatively dry, special emphasis must be placed on sampling, sample preparation, and the method of determination.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statement, see Section 7.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 949 – 88 (Reapproved 1996)
Standard Test Method for
Total Moisture in a Refuse-Derived Fuel Laboratory Sample
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 949; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 analysis sample—the final subsample prepared from the
air-dried laboratory sample but reduced by passing through a
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the total
mill with a 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) size or smaller final screen.
moisture in RDF as it exists at the time it is sampled. Because
3.3 bias—a systematic error that is consistently negative or
of its empirical nature, strict adherence to test procedures are
consistentlypositive.Themeanoferrorsresultingfromaseries
required for valid results. The standard is available to produc-
of observations that does not tend towards zero.
ers, vendors, and consumers as a total, two-stage moisture
3.4 gross sample—a sample representing one lot and com-
method.
posed of a number of increments on which neither reduction
1.2 Since RDF can vary from extremely wet (water satu-
nor division has been performed.
rated) to relatively dry, special emphasis must be placed on
3.5 laboratory sample—a representative portion of the
sampling, sample preparation, and the method of determina-
gross sample received by the laboratory for analysis.
tion.
3.6 lot—a large designated quantity (greater than the quan-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tity of the final sample) of RDF which can be represented by a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
properly selected gross sample.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.7 precision—a term used to indicate the capability of a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
person, an instrument, or a method to obtain reproducible
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard state-
results; specifically, a measure of the random error as ex-
ment, see Section 7.
pressed by the variance, the standard error, or a multiple of the
2. Referenced Documents
standard error.
3.8 forms of refuse-derived fuel (RDF):
2.1 ASTM Standards:
RDF-1—Wastes used as a fuel in as-discarded form.
D 3173 Test Method for Moisture in theAnalysis Sample of
RDF-2—Wastes processed to coarse particle size with or
Coal and Coke
without ferrous metal separation.
E 790 Test Method for Residual Moisture in Refuse-
RDF-3—shredded fuel derived from municipal solid waste
Derived Fuel Analysis Sample
(MSW) that has been processed to remove metal, glass, and
E 829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)
other inorganics. This material has a particle size such that 95
Laboratory Samples for Analysis
weight % passes through a 2-in. (50-mm) square mesh screen.
3. Terminology Definitions
RDF-4—Combustiblewasteprocessedintopowderform,95
weight % passing 10-mesh screening.
3.1 air drying—a process of partial drying of RDF to bring
RDF-5—Combustible waste densified (compressed) into the
its moisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere in
form of pellets, slugs, cubettes, or briquettes.
which further reduction, division, and characterization of the
RDF-6—Combustible waste processed into liquid fuel.
sample are to take place. In order to bring about the equilib-
RDF-7—Combustible waste processed into gaseous fuel.
rium, the RDF is usually subjected to drying under controlled
3.9 representative sample—a sample collected in such a
temperature conditions ranging from 30 to 40°C.
manner that it has characteristics equivalent to the lot sampled.
3.10 sample division—the process of extracting a smaller
sample from a sample so that the representative properties of
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D-34 on Waste
thelargersampleareretained.Duringthisprocessitisassumed
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.08 on Thermal
Treatment.
that no change in particle size or other characteristics occurs.
Current edition approved March 25, 1988. Published May 1988. Originally
3.11 sample preparation—the process that includes drying,
published as E 949 – 83. Last previous edition E 949 – 83.
2 size reduction, division, and mixing of a laboratory sample for
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04. the purpose of obtaining an unbiased analysis sample.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 949 – 88 (1996)
3.12 sample reduction—the process whereby sample par- 6.3.1.2 Routine Type—Adrying oven of either the mechani-
ticle size is reduced without change in sample weight. cal or natural circulation type which is capable of constant
3.13 significant loss—any loss that introduces a bias in final uniform temperature within the specimen chamber regulated at
results that is of appreciable importance to concerned parties. 107 6 3°C.
NOTE 1—Either type of oven may be used for routine determinations.
4. Summary of Test Method
However, the referee-type oven shall be used to resolve differences
4.1 This test method is based on the loss in weight of RDF
between determinations.
in an air atmosphere under controlled conditions of tempera-
6.3.2 Containers—A convenient form that allows the ash
ture, time, and air flow.
determination to be made on the same sample is a porcelain
4.2 The laboratory sample is air-dried to near equilibrium
capsule 22 mm in depth and 44 mm in diameter or a fused
with the atmosphere in the area where division and reduction
silica capsule of similar shape. This shall be used with a
will take place.The residual moisture determination is made in
well-fitting flat aluminum cover. Platinum crucibles or glass
a heated, forced-circulation oven, under rigidly defined condi-
capsuleswithgroundglasscapsmayalsobeused.Theyshould
tions.
be as shallow as possible consistent with convenient handle-
4.3 Thetotalmoistureiscalculatedfromlossesinair-drying
ability.
and the residual moisture as shown in 11.
6.3.3 Analytical Balance, with 0.1 mg sensitivity.
5. Significance and Use
6.3.4 Analysis Sample Containers—Heavy (minimum 4
5.1 The collection and treatment of the sample as specified mil), vapor-impervious bags, properly sealed; or noncorroding
herein is intended for the specific purpose of determining the
cans, glass jars, or plastic bottles with air-tight sealing covers
total moisture in a laboratory sample of RDF. to store RDF samples for analysis. Containers shall be checked
5.2 This test method is available as the method for the
for suitability by measuring weight loss or gain of the sample
determination of total moisture unless alternative techniques or and container stored for 1 week under ambient laboratory
modifications have been agreed upon by involved parties.
conditions. The weight loss or gain should be less than 0.5 %
of the sample weight stored in container.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Air Dry Moisture:
7. Hazards
6.1.1 Drying Oven—Alargechambermechanicaldraftoven
7.1 Due to the origins of RDF in municipal waste, common
capable of maintaining a controlled temperature in the range of
sense dictates that some precautions should be observed when
25 to 40°C.Air changes should be at the rate of 1 to 4 changes
conducting tests on the samples. Recommended hygienic
per minute.Air flow should be baffled to prevent samples from
practices include use of gloves when handling RDF; wearing
being blown out of the sample containers.
dust masks (NIOSH-approved type), especially when shred-
6.1.2 Drying Pan—A non-corroding pan or mesh basket to
ding RDF samples; conducting tests under negative pressure
be used for holding the sample during air drying operations.
hood when possible; and when washing hands before eating or
6.1.3 Balance (Laboratory Sample)—Abalanceofsufficient
smoking.
capacitytoweighthesampleandcontainerwithasensitivityof
7.2 Laboratory sample handling shall be performed by
0.5 g.
trained personnel. All operations shall be done as rapidly as
6.2 Sample Reduction:
possible to avoid sample moisture changes due to atmospheric
6.2.1 Mill—A mill operating on the principle of cutting or
exposure.
shearingactionshallbeusedforsampleparticlesizereduction.
7.3 At all times RDF samples should be protected from
It shall have the capability to regulate the particle size of the
moisture change due to exposure to rain, snow an
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