ASTM D240-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The heat of combustion is a measure of the energy available from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essential when considering the thermal efficiency of equipment for producing either power or heat.
The heat of combustion as determined by this test method is designated as one of the chemical and physical requirements of both commercial and military turbine fuels and aviation gasolines.
The mass heat of combustion, the heat of combustion per unit mass of fuel, is a critical property of fuels intended for use in weight-limited craft such as airplanes, surface effect vehicles, and hydrofoils. The range of such craft between refueling is a direct function of the heat of combustion and density of the fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels ranging in volatility from that of light distillates to that of residual fuels.
1.2 Under normal conditions, this test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
1.3 This test method is not as repeatable and not as reproducible as Test Method D 4809.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 7 and 9 and A1.10 and Annex A3.
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Designation: D240 − 09
StandardTest Method for
Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
1
Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D3701Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation
Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of
Resonance Spectrometry
combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels ranging in volatility
D4294Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
from that of light distillates to that of residual fuels.
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
1.2 Under normal conditions, this test method is directly
trometry
applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2
D4809Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT,
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
Method)
D5453Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
1.3 This test method is not as repeatable and not as
reproducible as Test Method D4809. Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
E200Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of Standard and Reagent Solutions for ChemicalAnalysis
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1 Definitions:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
3.1.1 gross heat of combustion, Qg (MJ/kg)—thequantityof
statements, see Sections 7 and 9 and A1.10 and Annex A3.
energyreleasedwhenaunitmassoffuelisburnedinaconstant
2. Referenced Documents
volume enclosure, with the products being gaseous, other than
2
water that is condensed to the liquid state.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The fuel can be either liquid or solid,
D129Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
and contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
sulfur. The products of combustion, in oxygen, are gaseous
D1018Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions
carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and liquid
D1266TestMethodforSulfurinPetroleumProducts(Lamp
water. In this procedure, 25°C is the initial temperature of the
Method)
fuel and the oxygen, and the final temperature of the products
D2622Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
of combustion.
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D3120Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
3.1.2 net heat of combustion, Qn (MJ/kg)—the quantity of
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou- energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned at constant
lometry
pressure, with all of the products, including water, being
gaseous.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The fuel can be either liquid or solid,
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
and contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
nitrogen, and sulfur. The products of combustion, in oxygen,
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originally
are carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and water,
approvedin1957.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2007asD240–02(2007).DOI:
10.1520/D0240-09.
allinthegaseousstate.Inthisprocedure,thecombustiontakes
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
place at a constant pressure of 0.1012 MPa (1 atm), and 25°C
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
is the initial temperature of the fuel and the oxygen, and the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. final temperature of the products of combustion.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D240–02 (Reapproved 2007) Designation:D240–09
Standard Test Method for
Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
1
Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels ranging in volatility from
that of light distillates to that of residual fuels.
1.2 Under normal conditions, this test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil,
Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
1.3 This test method is not as repeatable and not as reproducible as Test Method D4809.
1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 7 and 9 and A1.10 and Annex A3.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General Bomb Method)
D1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry
D3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectrometry
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
D5453 TestMethodforDeterminationofTotalSulfurinLightHydrocarbons,SparkIgnitionEngineFuel,DieselEngineFuel,
and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical Analysis
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 gross heat of combustion, Qg (MJ/kg)—the quantity of energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned in a constant
volume enclosure, with the products being gaseous, other than water that is condensed to the liquid state.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Thefuelcanbeeitherliquidorsolid,andcontainonlytheelementscarbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,andsulfur.
The products of combustion, in oxygen, are gaseous carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and liquid water. In this
procedure, 25°C is the initial temperature of the fuel and the oxygen, and the final temperature of the products of combustion.
3.1.2 net heat of combustion, Qn (MJ/kg)—the quantity of energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned at constant
pressure, with all of the products, including water, being gaseous.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.05 on
Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
Current edition approved MayJuly 1, 2007.2009. Published June 2007.September 2009. Originally approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 20022007 as
D240–02.D240–02(2007).
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D240–09
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The fuel can be either liquid or solid, and contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxy
...
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