ASTM D5481-10
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity at High-Temperature and High-Shear Rate by Multicell Capillary Viscometer
Standard Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity at High-Temperature and High-Shear Rate by Multicell Capillary Viscometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Viscosity is an important property of fluid lubricants. The viscosity of all fluids varies with temperature. Many common petroleum lubricants are non-Newtonian: their viscosity also varies with shear rate. The usefulness of the viscosity of lubricants is greatest when the viscosity is measured at or near the conditions of shear rate and temperature that the lubricants will experience in service.
The conditions of shear rate and temperature of this test method are thought to be representative of those in the bearing of automotive engines in severe service.
Many equipment manufacturers and lubricant specifications require a minimum high-temperature high-shear viscosity at 150°C and 106 s−1. The shear rate in capillary viscometers varies across the radius of the capillary. The apparent shear rate at the wall for this test method is increased to compensate for the variable shear rate.3
This test was evaluated in an ASTM cooperative program.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of high-temperature high-shear (HTHS) viscosity of engine oils at a temperature of 150°C using a multicell capillary viscometer containing pressure, temperature, and timing instrumentation. The shear rate for this test method corresponds to an apparent shear rate at the wall of 1.4 million reciprocal seconds (1.4 × 106 s−1). This shear rate has been found to decrease the discrepancy between this test method and other high-temperature high-shear test methods3 used for engine oil specifications. Viscosities are determined directly from calibrations that have been established with Newtonian oils with viscosities from 2 to 5 mPa-s at 150°C.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 The centiPoise (cP) is a non-SI metric unit of viscosity that is numerically equal to the milliPascal-second (mPa-s).
1.2.2 Pounds per square inch (psi) is a non-SI unit of pressure that is approximately equal to 6.895 kPa. These units are provided for information only in 6.1.1, 7.3, 9.1.2.1, and the tables.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D5481 − 10
StandardTest Method for
Measuring Apparent Viscosity at High-Temperature and
1
High-Shear Rate by Multicell Capillary Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5481; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Severaldifferentconfigurationsofcapillaryviscometershavebeensuccessfullyusedformeasuring
the viscosity of engine oils at the high shear rates and high temperatures that occur in engines. This
2
test method covers the use of a single apparatus at a single temperature and single shear rate to
achieve greater uniformity and improved precision.
1. Scope* 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
high-temperaturehigh-shear(HTHS)viscosityofengineoilsat
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
a temperature of 150°C using a multicell capillary viscometer
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
containing pressure, temperature, and timing instrumentation.
The shear rate for this test method corresponds to an apparent
2. Referenced Documents
shear rate at the wall of 1.4 million reciprocal seconds
6 4
−1 3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(1.4×10 s ). Thisshearratehasbeenfoundtodecreasethe
D4683Test Method for Measuring Viscosity of New and
discrepancy between this test method and other high-
3
Used Engine Oils at High Shear Rate and High Tempera-
temperature high-shear test methods used for engine oil
ture by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 150 °C
specifications.Viscositiesaredetermineddirectlyfromcalibra-
D4741Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Tem-
tions that have been established with Newtonian oils with
peratureandHighShearRatebyTapered-PlugViscometer
viscosities from 2 to 5 mPa-s at 150°C.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3. Terminology
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1 Definitions:
standard.
3.1.1 apparent shear rate at the wall—shear rate at the wall
1.2.1 ThecentiPoise(cP)isanon-SImetricunitofviscosity
of the capillary calculated for a Newtonian fluid, as follows:
that is numerically equal to the milliPascal-second (mPa-s).
3
S 54V/πR t (1)
1.2.2 Pounds per square inch (psi) is a non-SI unit of
a
pressure that is approximately equal to 6.895 kPa. These units
where:
areprovidedforinformationonlyin6.1.1,7.3,9.1.2.1,andthe
−1
S = apparent shear rate at the wall, s ,
a
tables. 3
V = volume, mm ,
R = capillary radius, mm, and
t = measured flow time, s.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee 3.1.1.1 Discussion—The actual shear rate at the wall will
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
differ for a non-Newtonian fluid.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originally
3.1.2 apparent viscosity—the determined viscosity obtained
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D5481–04. DOI:
10.1520/D5481-10.
by this test method.
2
Manning, R. E., and Lloyd, W. A., “Multicell High Temperature High-Shear
3.1.3 density—mass per unit volume.
Capillary Viscometer,” SAE Paper 861562. Available from Society of Automotive
Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA15096-0001, www.sae-
.org.
3 4
Girshick, F., “Non-Newtonian Fluid Dynamics in High Temperature High For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Shear Capillary Viscometers,” SAE Paper 922288. Available from Society of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
0001, www.sae.org. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5481 − 10
3.1.3.1 Discussion—In the SI, the unit of density is the 3.2.1.1 Discussion—Calibration oils, which are Newtonian
3 5
kilogram per metre cubed (kg/m ); the gram per cubic centi- fluids, are available commercially or can be blended by the
3 3 −3 3
metre (g/cm ) is often used. One kg/m is 10 g/cm . user.
3.2.2 test oil—any oil for which the apparent viscosity is to
3.1.4 kinematic viscosity—the ratio of the viscosity to the
be determi
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D5481–04 Designation:D5481–10
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Apparent Viscosity at High-Temperature and
1
High-Shear Rate by Multicell Capillary Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5481; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Severaldifferentconfigurationsofcapillaryviscometershavebeensuccessfullyusedformeasuring
the viscosity of engine oils at the high shear rates and high temperatures that occur in engines. This
2
test method covers the use of a single apparatus at a single temperature and single shear rate to
achieve greater uniformity and improved precision.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of high-temperature high-shear (HTHS) viscosity of engine oils at a
temperature of 150°C using a multicell capillary viscometer containing pressure, temperature, and timing instrumentation. The
6 −1 3
shear rate for this test method corresponds to an apparent shear rate at the wall of 1.4 million reciprocal seconds (1.4 310 s ).
This shear rate has been found to decrease the discrepancy between this test method and other high-temperature high-shear test
3
methods used for engine oil specifications. Viscosities are determined directly from calibrations that have been established with
Newtonian oils with viscosities from 2 to 5 mPa·s at 150°C.
1.2used for engine oil specifications. Viscosities are determined directly from calibrations that have been established with
Newtonian oils with viscosities from 2 to 5 mPa-s at 150°C.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 The centiPoise (cP) is a non-SI metric unit of viscosity that is numerically equal to the milliPascal-second (mPa-s).
1.2.2 Poundspersquareinch(psi)isanon-SIunitofpressurethatisapproximatelyequalto6.895kPa.Theseunitsareprovided
for information only in 6.1.1, 7.3, 9.1.2.1, and the tables.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4683 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity of New and Used Engine Oils at High Shear Rate and High Temperature by
Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 150 C
D4741 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Temperature and High Shear Rate by Tapered-Plug Viscometer
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 apparent shear rate at the wall—shear rate at the wall of the capillary calculated for a Newtonian fluid, as follows:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07 on
Flow Properties.
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D5481–96 (2001). DOI:
10.1520/D5481-04.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D5481–04. DOI:
10.1520/D5481-10.
2
Manning,R.E.,andLloyd,W.A.,“MulticellHighTemperatureHigh-ShearCapillaryViscometer,”SAEPaper861562.AvailablefromSocietyofAutomotiveEngineers
(SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, www.sae.org.
3
Girshick, F., “Non-Newtonian Fluid Dynamics in High Temperature High Shear Capillary Viscometers,” SAE Paper 922288. Available from Society of Automotive
Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, www.sae.org.
4
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5481–10
3
S 54V/pR t (1)
a
where:
−1
S = apparent shear rate at the wall, s ,
a
3
V = volume, mm ,
R = capillary radius, mm, and
t = measured flow time, s.
3.1.1
...
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