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ASTM C1240-05

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures

Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures

ABSTRACT
This specification covers silica fume for use in concrete and other systems containing hydraulic cement. The material shall composed of silica fume, mostly of amorphous silica. Test methods for chemical analysis, moisture content and loss on ignition, bulk density, specific surface, air entrainment of mortar, strength acitivity index, reactivity with cement alkalis, and sulfate resistance of silica fume shall conform to this specification. Physical tests shall include determining the specimen's density and the specific surface by utilizing the BET, nitrogen adsorption method. Silica fume shall be stored in such a manner as to permit easy access for the proper inspection and identification of each shipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers silica fume for use in concrete and other systems containing hydraulic cement.
1.2 In the cases of slurried or densified silica fume, perform the tests on the raw silica fume from which these products have been made.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portions, Sections 10-19, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Read the material safety data sheets for materials used.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2005
ICS
91.100.10 - Cement. Gypsum. Lime. Mortar
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.24 - Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1240-04 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1634-23 - Standard Specification for Concrete Facing Brick and Other Concrete Masonry Facing Units
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1837-22 - Standard Specification for Production of Dry Cast Concrete Used for Manufacturing Pipe, Box, and Precast Structures
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1372-22 - Standard Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining Wall Units
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1790-21 - Standard Specification for Fly Ash Facing Brick
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1623-22 - Standard Specification for Manufactured Concrete Masonry Lintels
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM E2129-18 - Standard Practice for Data Collection for Sustainability Assessment of Building Products
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM C125-21a - Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1697-21 - Standard Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1782/C1782M-23 - Standard Specification for Segmental Concrete Paving Slabs
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1877-19 - Standard Specification for Adhered Concrete Masonry Units
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1904-22 - Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Effects of Biogenic Acidification on Concrete Antimicrobial Additives and/or Concrete Products
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1567-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Combinations of Cementitious Materials and Aggregate (Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1894-22 - Standard Guide for Microbially Induced Corrosion of Concrete Products
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1670/C1670M-23 - Standard Specification for Adhered Manufactured Stone Masonry Veneer Units
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005

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ASTM C1240-05 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious MixturesASTM C1240-05 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
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ASTM C1240-05 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1240 – 05
Standard Specification for
1
Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
Cement
1.1 This specification covers silica fume for use in concrete
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
and other systems containing hydraulic cement.
gregates
1.2 In the cases of slurried or densified silica fume, perform
C183 Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of
thetestsontherawsilicafumefromwhichtheseproductshave
Hydraulic Cement
been made.
C185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Mortar
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
C219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement
only.
C311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
test methods portions, Sections 10-19, of this specification:
C430 TestMethodforFinenessofHydraulicCementbythe
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
45-µm (No. 325) Sieve
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
C441 Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Ex-
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
pansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
limitations prior to use.Readthematerialsafetydatasheetsfor
C494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
materials used.
Concrete
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
that provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
notes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as
C1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for
requirements of this standard.
Determining Mass and Volume for Use in the Physical
2. Referenced Documents Testing of Hydraulic Cements
2
C1012 Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
C1069 TestMethodforSpecificSurfaceAreaofAluminaor
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube
Quartz by Nitrogen Adsorption
Specimens)
C1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
C1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
ConcreteandConcreteAggregates andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee 3. Terminology
C09.24 on Supplementary Cementitious Materials.
3.1 Definitions:
Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published August 2005. Originally
3.1.1 silica fume—very fine pozzolanic material, composed
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C1240-04. DOI:
10.1520/C1240-05.
mostlyofamorphoussilicaproducedbyelectricarcfurnacesas
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
a by-product of the production of elemental silicon or ferro-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
silicon alloys (also known as condensed silica fume and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. microsilica).
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1240 – 05
TABLE 2 Physical Requirements
3.1.2 Other terms in this specification are defined in Termi-
nologies C125 and C219. Oversize:
A
Percent retained on 45-µm (No. 325), max, % 10
Percent retained on 45-µm (No. 325), max variation from 5
4. Ordering Information
B
average, percentage points
C
Accelerated pozzolanic strength activity index:
4.1 The purchaser shall specify any optional chemical or
With portland cement at 7 days, min percent of control 105
physical requirements. 2
Specific surface, min, m /g 15
A
Exercise care to avoid retaining agglomerations of extremely fine material.
5. Chemical Composition B
The average shall consist of the ten preceding tests or all of the preceding
tests if the number is less than ten.
5.1 Silica fume shall conform to the requirements for
C
Accelerated pozzolanic strength activity index is
...

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4.1 The results of mortar mixture tests can be suitable for comparing the relative performance of combinations of concrete-making materials such as fine aggregate, chemical admixtures, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), water, and hydraulic cement. Furthermore, this guide can be useful to identify unexpected performances due to combination of various materials. The relative trends in performance observed with the mortar method may suggest relative performance in concrete mixtures batched with the same materials and relative mixture proportions.  
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1.1 This guide provides information on how to compare the relative performance and potential incompatibility of combinations of concrete-making materials. Performance tests on fresh and early-age properties of mortar mixtures can be useful indicators of concrete performance using similar materials. The performance tests described in this guide include mortar-slump, mortar spread, mortar-workability retention, early stiffening of mortar, time of setting, air entrainment, and hydration kinetics.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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Standard Practice for Measuring Hydration Kinetics of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Isothermal Calorimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermal power curves are used to evaluate the isothermal hydration kinetics of the combined mixture of different materials during the early period after being mixed with water. These isothermal power curves, or hydration profiles, may provide indications relative to setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance and early strength development. The isothermal hydration profiles can also be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as curing temperature. Special care must be used in evaluating extended retardation with paste specimens, which have been shown to overestimate the retardation of some mixtures containing cement, SCM, and admixtures.  
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5.4 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.5 The procedure and apparatus can be used to monitor the thermal power from pastes and mortars alone or in combination with chemical admixtures.  
5.6 The isothermal calorimeter described here can be used to measure the thermal power and heat of hydration of mortars prepared independently or obtained by wet sieving from concrete in accordance with Practice C172/C1...
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1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for measuring relative differences in hydration kinetics of hydraulic cementitious mixtures, either in paste or mortar (see Note 1), including those containing admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and other fine materials by measuring the thermal power using an isothermal calorimeter.
Note 1: Paste specimens are often preferred for mechanistic research when details of individual reaction peaks are important or for particular calorimetry configurations. Mortar specimens may give results that have better correlation with concrete setting and early strength development and are often preferred to evaluate different mixture proportions for concrete. Both paste and mortar studies have been found to be effective in evaluating concrete field problems due to incompatibility of materials used in concrete mixtures.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the measurement of heat of hydration. Heat of hydration can be determined according to Test Method C1702.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) covered under existing ASTM specifications are fly ash, slag cement, raw and calcined natural pozzolans including calcined clays, silica fume, and ground-glass pozzolan. The use of these materials, and limits established in existing specifications, are based on data obtained from research programs, field testing, and long term performance monitoring. Performance of SCM in specific concrete mixtures is commonly verified through preconstruction testing. This guide provides an approach to assessing the properties of materials that are not covered under existing specifications, and for assessing the performance of those materials in concrete.  
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4.3 In the absence of long-term durability or acceptable field performance, prospective users are advised to apply appropriate risk management and engineering practice in the use of an ASCM.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a technical approach to the evaluation of alternative supplementary cementitious materials such as pozzolans and hydraulic materials that fall outside the scope of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. This guide provides the initial steps for a comprehensive evaluation of an ASCM that provides due diligence for its specific intended uses in concrete; however, it does not evaluate conformance to all possible performance criteria for all types of concrete mixtures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Performing the tests or meeting the test limits in this guide should not imply that the material tested meets the requirements of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. These materials should not be represented as such and each specific source is to be evaluated separately.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1753/C1753M-21a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Early Hydration of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Thermal Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative early hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.2 Thermal profiles are used to evaluate the hydration behavior of hydraulic cementitious mixtures after the addition of water. They may provide indications concerning setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance, relative heat of hydration, and early strength development. They can be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as the initial mixture and test temperatures. Thermal profile testing is an effective tool for identifying performance sensitivities or trends, and may help to reduce the number of concrete test mixtures required to develop and qualify mixtures, especially those to be subject to variable ambient environments. It may be used by concrete producers, materials suppliers, and other practitioners to support mixture development, selection of material types or sources, optimization of proportions, or troubleshooting of field problems.  
5.3 This practice can be used to understand concrete problems related to slump loss, setting, and early strength, but results may not predict field concrete performance. Performance verification with concrete is needed to quantify the trends identified using thermal testing.  
5.4 This practice can be used to evaluate the effects of chemical admixtures on the thermal profiles of cementitious mixtures. This can be especially useful in selecting dosages appropriate for different ambient conditions.  
5.5 Thermal measurement testing as described in this practice may have similar significance and use as isothermal calorimetry described by Practice C1679 or some types of near-adiabatic calorimetry. The selection of which practice or methods to use may depend on specific applications and circumstances. The thermal profiles obtained by this practic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating relative differences in early hydration of hydraulic cementitious mixtures such as paste, mortar, or concrete, including those containing chemical admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and other finely divided materials, by measuring the temperature history of a specimen.  
1.2 Calorimetry is the measurement of heat lost or gained during a chemical reaction such as cement hydration; calorimetric measurements as a function of time can be used to describe and evaluate hydration and related early-age property development. Calorimetry may be performed under isothermal conditions (as described in Practice C1679) or under adiabatic or semi-adiabatic conditions. This practice cannot be described as calorimetry because no attempt is made to measure or compute the heat evolved from test specimens due to hydration, but it can in many cases be used for similar evaluations. Variables that should be considered in the application of this practice are discussed in the Appendix.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Warning: Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2  
1.5 This...

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ASTM
ASTM C1697-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementitious Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers blended supplementary cementitious materials that result from the blending or intergrinding of two or three ASTM compliant supplementary cementitious materials, for use in concrete or mortar where hydraulic or pozzolanic action, or both, is desired. The supplementary cementitious materials include slag cement conforming to Specification C989/C989M, natural pozzolans and coal fly ash conforming to Specification C618 and silica fume conforming to Specification C1240.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials as separate additions or as a manufactured blend may significantly alter the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The user should be aware of these changes and is referred to the ACI Manual of Concrete Practice2 for information and guidelines. Specific reference is made to:    
ACI 232.1R  
Use of Natural Pozzolans in Concrete  
ACI 232.2R  
Use of Fly Ash in Concrete  
ACI 233R  
Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar  
ACI 234R  
Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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