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ASTM C1240-04

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures

Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers silica fume for use in concrete and other systems containing hydraulic cement.
1.2 In the cases of slurried or densified silica fume, perform the tests on the raw silica fume from which these products have been made.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portions, Sections , of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Read the material safety data sheets for materials used.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2004
ICS
91.100.10 - Cement. Gypsum. Lime. Mortar
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.24 - Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1240-03a - Standard Specification for Use of Silica Fume for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Hydraulic-Cement Concrete, Mortar, and Grout
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Replaced By
ASTM C1240-05 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1884-23 - Standard Specification for Manufactured Concrete Ballast Units
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1897-20 - Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Reactivity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials by Isothermal Calorimetry and Bound Water Measurements
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1567-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Combinations of Cementitious Materials and Aggregate (Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2129-18 - Standard Practice for Data Collection for Sustainability Assessment of Building Products
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1634-23 - Standard Specification for Concrete Facing Brick and Other Concrete Masonry Facing Units
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C129-22 - Standard Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete Masonry Units
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C441/C441M-17 - Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1709-22 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1877-19 - Standard Specification for Adhered Concrete Masonry Units
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1778-22 - Standard Guide for Reducing the Risk of Deleterious Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1293-20a - Standard Test Method for Determination of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1894-22 - Standard Guide for Microbially Induced Corrosion of Concrete Products
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1372-22 - Standard Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining Wall Units
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004

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ASTM C1240-04 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious MixturesASTM C1240-04 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
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ASTM C1240-04 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 1240 – 04
Standard Specification for
1
Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* C185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
Mortar
1.1 This specification covers silica fume for use in concrete
C219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement
and other systems containing hydraulic cement.
C311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
1.2 In the cases of slurried or densified silica fume, perform
Natural Pozzolans for Use as a Mineral Admixture in
thetestsontherawsilicafumefromwhichtheseproductshave
Portland-Cement Concrete
been made.
C430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
the 45-µm (No. 325) Sieve
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
C441 Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or
only.
Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Ex-
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
pansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
test methods portions, Sections 10-19, of this specification:
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
C1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
Determining Mass and Volume for Use in the Physical
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
Testing of Hydraulic Cements
limitations prior to use.Readthematerialsafetydatasheetsfor
C1012 Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-
materials used.
Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
C1069 Test Method for Specific Surface Area of Alumina
that provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-
or Quartz by Nitrogen Adsorption
notes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as
C1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
requirements of this standard.
C1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1 Definitions:
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
3.1.1 silica fume—very fine pozzolanic material, composed
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube
mostlyofamorphoussilicaproducedbyelectricarcfurnacesas
Specimens)
a by-product of the production of elemental silicon or ferro-
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
silicon alloys (also known as condensed silica fume and
Cement
microsilica).
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete
3.1.2 Other terms in this specification are defined in Termi-
Aggregates
nologies C125 and C219.
C183 Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of
Hydraulic Cement
4. Ordering Information
4.1 The purchaser shall specify any optional chemical or
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
physical requirements.
ConcreteandConcreteAggregates andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
C09.24 on Supplementary and Cementitious Materials.
5. Chemical Composition
Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C1240-03a.
5.1 Silica fume shall conform to the requirements for
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
chemical composition prescribed in Table 1.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1240–04
A
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements TABLE 3 Optional Physical Requirements
SiO ,min,% 85.0 Uniformity requirements:
2
Moisture content, max, % 3.0 When air-entraining concrete is specified, the quantity of air- 20
Loss on ignition, max, % 6.0 entraining agent required to produce air content of 18.0 vol %
of mortar shall not vary from the average established by the ten
preceding tests or by all preceding tests if less than ten, by
more than, %
B
Reactivity with cement alkalies:
6. Physical Requirements
Reduction of mortar expansion at 14 days, min, % 80
C
Sulfate
...

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4.1 The results of mortar mixture tests can be suitable for comparing the relative performance of combinations of concrete-making materials such as fine aggregate, chemical admixtures, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), water, and hydraulic cement. Furthermore, this guide can be useful to identify unexpected performances due to combination of various materials. The relative trends in performance observed with the mortar method may suggest relative performance in concrete mixtures batched with the same materials and relative mixture proportions.  
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1.1 This guide provides information on how to compare the relative performance and potential incompatibility of combinations of concrete-making materials. Performance tests on fresh and early-age properties of mortar mixtures can be useful indicators of concrete performance using similar materials. The performance tests described in this guide include mortar-slump, mortar spread, mortar-workability retention, early stiffening of mortar, time of setting, air entrainment, and hydration kinetics.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with this guide. Some values only have SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in guide.  
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This specification covers the production, properties, packaging, and testing of packaged, dry, combined materials for concrete and mortars. Concrete mixtures covered by this specification includes high-early strength concrete, normal strength concrete, normal weight concrete, high-strength mortar, and mortars for unit masonry. The purchaser shall specify the material desired as concrete, high strength mortar, or mortar for use with unit masonry, and the respective physical requirements. Materials used as ingredients in packaged, dry, combined materials for mortar and concrete shall be composed of aggregates, air-entraining admixtures, blended cement, chemical admixtures, fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, hydrated lime, latex and powder polymer modifiers, masonry cement, mortar cement, Portland cement, and silica fume. All aggregates shall be dried, without disintegration, to specific moisture content The proportions of cementitious material and aggregate shall be such that the strength requirements will be met. Packaged, dry, combined materials for concrete, high strength mortar and mortar for use with unit masonry shall conform to the respective compressive strength requirements. Scales conforming to the standards will be used for sampling concretes from a single batch using a sufficient quantity. A slump test will be performed to check if additional water is required. In sampling mortar, the contents of an entire package of dry, combined material for mortar for unit masonry or for concrete mortar shall be used. Mortar mixing equipment, which must be provided with a bowl positioning adapter, shall be used to ensure clearance for the largest size aggregate in the mix being tested. The specification includes the following testing methods for mortar: compressive strength, density and yield, air content, and water retention.
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1.1 This specification covers the production, properties, packaging, and testing of packaged, dry, combined materials for concrete and high strength mortar. The classifications of concrete and mortar covered are defined in Section 3.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effect on mortar strength of the organic impurities in fine aggregate, whose presence is indicated using Test Method C40/C40M. Comparison is made between compressive strengths of mortar made with washed and unwashed fine aggregate.  
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ASTM C1679-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Hydration Kinetics of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Isothermal Calorimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermal power curves are used to evaluate the isothermal hydration kinetics of the combined mixture of different materials during the early period after being mixed with water. These isothermal power curves, or hydration profiles, may provide indications relative to setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance and early strength development. The isothermal hydration profiles can also be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as curing temperature. Special care must be used in evaluating extended retardation with paste specimens, which have been shown to overestimate the retardation of some mixtures containing cement, SCM, and admixtures.  
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5.3 Although this technique has been used historically to understand issues related to setting and slump loss, it must be emphasized that isothermal calorimetry results cannot predict concrete performance definitely, either positively or negatively. Extensive verification in concrete at planned dosages and temperatures, and at higher dosages, is needed. Isothermal calorimetry is an effective tool to identify sensitivities, so that concrete testing can be efficiently planned and performed.  
5.4 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.5 The procedure and apparatus can be used to monitor the thermal power from pastes and mortars alone or in combination with chemical admixtures.  
5.6 The isothermal calorimeter described here can be used to measure the thermal power and heat of hydration of mortars prepared independently or obtained by wet sieving from concrete in accordance with Practice C172/C1...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for measuring relative differences in hydration kinetics of hydraulic cementitious mixtures, either in paste or mortar (see Note 1), including those containing admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and other fine materials by measuring the thermal power using an isothermal calorimeter.
Note 1: Paste specimens are often preferred for mechanistic research when details of individual reaction peaks are important or for particular calorimetry configurations. Mortar specimens may give results that have better correlation with concrete setting and early strength development and are often preferred to evaluate different mixture proportions for concrete. Both paste and mortar studies have been found to be effective in evaluating concrete field problems due to incompatibility of materials used in concrete mixtures.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the measurement of heat of hydration. Heat of hydration can be determined according to Test Method C1702.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
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Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) covered under existing ASTM specifications are fly ash, slag cement, raw and calcined natural pozzolans including calcined clays, silica fume, and ground-glass pozzolan. The use of these materials, and limits established in existing specifications, are based on data obtained from research programs, field testing, and long term performance monitoring. Performance of SCM in specific concrete mixtures is commonly verified through preconstruction testing. This guide provides an approach to assessing the properties of materials that are not covered under existing specifications, and for assessing the performance of those materials in concrete.  
4.2 If an ASCM does not yet have a significant record of performance in concrete, a comprehensive evaluation based on this Guide should be undertaken, and it should be recognized that this ASCM might be introduced for a specific project or into a limited marketplace to initially demonstrate its performance. The user should bear in mind the intended end use of the ASCM and use appropriate test methods to establish its suitability. An ASCM that demonstrates good performance through a comprehensive evaluation as outlined in this guide could then be considered to have access to broader markets and could be considered for inclusion in an ASTM standard for SCM. For this reason, the test program to demonstrate acceptable performance should include concrete mixtures with a range of characteristics specific to the ASCM’s intended use.  
4.3 In the absence of long-term durability or acceptable field performance, prospective users are advised to apply appropriate risk management and engineering practice in the use of an ASCM.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a technical approach to the evaluation of alternative supplementary cementitious materials such as pozzolans and hydraulic materials that fall outside the scope of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. This guide provides the initial steps for a comprehensive evaluation of an ASCM that provides due diligence for its specific intended uses in concrete; however, it does not evaluate conformance to all possible performance criteria for all types of concrete mixtures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Performing the tests or meeting the test limits in this guide should not imply that the material tested meets the requirements of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. These materials should not be represented as such and each specific source is to be evaluated separately.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1753/C1753M-21a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Early Hydration of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Thermal Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative early hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.2 Thermal profiles are used to evaluate the hydration behavior of hydraulic cementitious mixtures after the addition of water. They may provide indications concerning setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance, relative heat of hydration, and early strength development. They can be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as the initial mixture and test temperatures. Thermal profile testing is an effective tool for identifying performance sensitivities or trends, and may help to reduce the number of concrete test mixtures required to develop and qualify mixtures, especially those to be subject to variable ambient environments. It may be used by concrete producers, materials suppliers, and other practitioners to support mixture development, selection of material types or sources, optimization of proportions, or troubleshooting of field problems.  
5.3 This practice can be used to understand concrete problems related to slump loss, setting, and early strength, but results may not predict field concrete performance. Performance verification with concrete is needed to quantify the trends identified using thermal testing.  
5.4 This practice can be used to evaluate the effects of chemical admixtures on the thermal profiles of cementitious mixtures. This can be especially useful in selecting dosages appropriate for different ambient conditions.  
5.5 Thermal measurement testing as described in this practice may have similar significance and use as isothermal calorimetry described by Practice C1679 or some types of near-adiabatic calorimetry. The selection of which practice or methods to use may depend on specific applications and circumstances. The thermal profiles obtained by this practic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating relative differences in early hydration of hydraulic cementitious mixtures such as paste, mortar, or concrete, including those containing chemical admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and other finely divided materials, by measuring the temperature history of a specimen.  
1.2 Calorimetry is the measurement of heat lost or gained during a chemical reaction such as cement hydration; calorimetric measurements as a function of time can be used to describe and evaluate hydration and related early-age property development. Calorimetry may be performed under isothermal conditions (as described in Practice C1679) or under adiabatic or semi-adiabatic conditions. This practice cannot be described as calorimetry because no attempt is made to measure or compute the heat evolved from test specimens due to hydration, but it can in many cases be used for similar evaluations. Variables that should be considered in the application of this practice are discussed in the Appendix.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Warning: Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2  
1.5 This...

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ASTM
ASTM C1697-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementitious Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers blended supplementary cementitious materials that result from the blending or intergrinding of two or three ASTM compliant supplementary cementitious materials, for use in concrete or mortar where hydraulic or pozzolanic action, or both, is desired. The supplementary cementitious materials include slag cement conforming to Specification C989/C989M, natural pozzolans and coal fly ash conforming to Specification C618 and silica fume conforming to Specification C1240.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials as separate additions or as a manufactured blend may significantly alter the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The user should be aware of these changes and is referred to the ACI Manual of Concrete Practice2 for information and guidelines. Specific reference is made to:    
ACI 232.1R  
Use of Natural Pozzolans in Concrete  
ACI 232.2R  
Use of Fly Ash in Concrete  
ACI 233R  
Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar  
ACI 234R  
Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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