ASTM D202-97(2002)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated Paper Used for Electrical Insulation
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated Paper Used for Electrical Insulation
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In the buyer-seller relationship it is necessary that an understanding exists as to the expected nominal characteristics of the product, and the magnitude of permissible departure from the nominal values. Also, it is necessary that an agreement be reached as to how many units of a lot can fall outside of the specification limits without rejection of the lot. It is this latter subject that is addressed by this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing untreated paper to be used as an electrical insulator or as a constituent of a composite material used for electrical insulating purposes.
1.1.1 Untreated papers are thin, fibrous sheets normally laid down from a water suspension of pulped fibers (usually cellulosic), which may contain various amounts of nonfibrous ingredients, and which are calendared, if required, to obtain desired thickness and density. Nevertheless, these test methods are applicable, generally although not invariably, to papers formed by other means, to papers modified (during or after formation) by additions, and to papers given subsequent mechanical treatments such as creping.
1.1.2 As an electrical insulating and dielectric material, paper is considered "untreated" until it is subjected to a manufacturing process such as drying, impregnation, or varnish treatment.
1.1.3 The test methods given herein were developed specifically for papers having a thickness of 0.75 mm (0.030 in.) or less. A number of these test methods are also suitable for use on other materials such as pulps or boards. Refer to Test Methods D 3376 or Methods D 3394 to determine which tests are applicable to pulps or electrical insulating boards. In the paper industry, some products in thicknesses of less than 0.75 mm are termed "paperboard". Such products are included within the scope of these methods.
1.1.4 These test methods are applicable to flexible fibrous-mat materials formed from suspensions of fiber in fluids other than water. These mats may have thicknesses approaching 2 mm, and may contain fibers that are natural, synthetic, organic, or inorganic; fillers that are natural, synthetic, organic, or inorganic; and flexible polymeric binder materials.
1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:ProcedureSectionsASTM or TAPPI Reference (Modified)Absorption (Rise of Water)78 to 83...Acidity-Alkalinity-pH45 to 54E 70Air Resistance98 to 101D 726Aqueous Extract Conductivity55 to 64...Ash Content40 to 44D 586Bursting Strength102 to 107D 774Chlorides (Water-Extractable)165 to 183...Conditioning15D 6054Conducting Paths138 to 151...Density, Apparent29 to 33...Dielectric Strength152 to 157D 149Dimensions of Sheet, Rolls and Cores16 to 24D 374Dissipation Factor and Permittivity158 to 164D 150Edge-Tearing Resistance126 to 130D 827 Fiber Analysis74 to 77D 1030Folding Endurance108 to 110T 423 and D2176Grammage 25 to 28D 646Permittivity158 to 164D 150Heat Stability in Air131 to 137D 827Impregnation Time84 to 91...Internal-Tearing Resistance121 to 125D 689 or T414Moisture Content34 to 39D 644 and D3277Particulate Copper193 to 202...Particulate Iron184 to 192...Reagents4 D 1193Reports14E 29Sampling6 to 13D 3636Silver Tarnishing by Paper andPaperboard203 to 206T 444Solvent-Soluble Matter65 to 73...Surface Friction92 to 97D 528 and T455Tensile Properties111 to 120D 76, E4Thickness (see Dimensions)16 to 24D 374
1.3 The tests for Holes and Felt Hair Inclusions and the Stain Test for Fine Pores, have been removed from this compilation of test methods. These test methods were specific to grades of capacitor paper formerly covered by Specification D 1930, which has been withdrawn.
Note 1—This compilation of test methods is closely related to IEC Publication 60554-2. Not all of the individual methods included herein are included in IEC 60554-2, nor are all of the methods in IEC 60554-2 included in this standard. The individual procedures as described in the two standa...
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An American National Standard
e1
Designation: D 202 – 97 (2002)
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing Untreated Paper Used for Electrical
Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D202; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
e NOTE—Editorial changes made to footnotes 13-15, and Section 1 September 2002.
1. Scope or inorganic; fillers that are natural, synthetic, organic, or
inorganic; and flexible polymeric binder materials.
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and
1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:
testing untreated paper to be used as an electrical insulator or
ASTM or TAPPI
as a constituent of a composite material used for electrical
Reference
insulating purposes.
Procedure Sections (Modified)
1.1.1 Untreated papers are thin, fibrous sheets normally laid
Absorption (Rise of Water) 78 to 83 .
Acidity-Alkalinity-pH 45 to 54 E 70
down from a water suspension of pulped fibers (usually
Air Resistance 98 to 101 D 726
cellulosic), which may contain various amounts of nonfibrous
Aqueous Extract Conductivity 55 to 64 .
ingredients, and which are calendared, if required, to obtain Ash Content 40 to 44 D 586
Bursting Strength 102 to 107 D 774
desired thickness and density. Nevertheless, these test methods
Chlorides (Water-Extractable) 165 to 183 .
are applicable, generally although not invariably, to papers
Conditioning 15 D 6054
formed by other means, to papers modified (during or after Conducting Paths 138 to 151 .
Density, Apparent 29 to 33 .
formation) by additions, and to papers given subsequent
Dielectric Strength 152 to 157 D 149
mechanical treatments such as creping.
Dimensions of Sheet, Rolls and 16 to 24 D 374
Cores
1.1.2 As an electrical insulating and dielectric material,
Dissipation Factor and Permittivity 158 to 164 D 150
paper is considered “untreated” until it is subjected to a
Edge-Tearing Resistance 126 to 130 D 827
manufacturing process such as drying, impregnation, or var-
Fiber Analysis 74 to 77 D 1030
nish treatment. Folding Endurance 108 to 110 T 423 and D2176
Grammage 25 to 28 D 646
1.1.3 The test methods given herein were developed spe-
Permittivity 158 to 164 D 150
cifically for papers having a thickness of 0.75 mm (0.030 in.)
Heat Stability in Air 131 to 137 D 827
orless.Anumberofthesetestmethodsarealsosuitableforuse Impregnation Time 84 to 91 .
Internal-Tearing Resistance 121 to 125 D 689 or T414
on other materials such as pulps or boards. Refer to Test
Moisture Content 34 to 39 D 644 and D3277
Methods D3376 or Methods D3394 to determine which tests
Particulate Copper 193 to 202 .
Particulate Iron 184 to 192 .
are applicable to pulps or electrical insulating boards. In the
Reagents 4 D 1193
paper industry, some products in thicknesses of less than 0.75
Reports 14 E 29
mm are termed “paperboard”. Such products are included
Sampling 6 to 13 D 3636
Silver Tarnishing by Paper and 203 to 206 T 444
within the scope of these methods.
Paperboard
1.1.4 These test methods are applicable to flexible fibrous-
Solvent-Soluble Matter 65 to 73 .
mat materials formed from suspensions of fiber in fluids other
Surface Friction 92 to 97 D 528 and T455
Tensile Properties 111 to 120 D 76, E4
than water. These mats may have thicknesses approaching 2
Thickness (see Dimensions) 16 to 24 D 374
mm,andmaycontainfibersthatarenatural,synthetic,organic,
1.3 The tests for Holes and Felt Hair Inclusions and the
Stain Test for Fine Pores, have been removed from this
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on
compilation of test methods. These test methods were specific
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of
to grades of capacitor paper formerly covered by Specification
Subcommittee D09.19 on Dielectric Sheet and Roll Products.
Current edition approved March 10, 1997. Published March 1998. Originally D1930, which has been withdrawn.
published as D202–24T. Last previous edition D202–92.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D 202 – 97 (2002)
NOTE 1—This compilation of test methods is closely related to IEC
D2413 Test Methods for Preparation and ElectricalTesting
Publication60554-2.Notalloftheindividualmethodsincludedhereinare
of Insulating Paper and Board Impregnated with a Liquid
included in IEC 60554-2, nor are all of the methods in IEC 60554-2
Dielectric
included in this standard. The individual procedures as described in the
D2753 Specification for Electrolytic Capacitor Paper
two standards are in general sufficiently close to each other that it is
D2865 Practice for Calibration of Standards and Equip-
reasonable to expect that test results obtained by most of the procedures
ment for Electrical Insulating Materials Testing
specified in either standard will not differ significantly. However, before
assumingthataprocedureinthesetestmethodsisexactlyequivalenttoan D 3277 Test Method for Moisture Content of Oil-
IEC 60554-2 procedure, the written procedures should be compared
Impregnated Cellulosic Insulation
closely,andifitseemsadvisable,testresultsbythetwoproceduresshould
D3376 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to be
be compared.
Used in the Manufacture of Electrical Insulation
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D3394 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Electrical
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Insulating Board
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D3636 Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Electrical Insulating Materials
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 43.2.1, 71.1,
D6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Ma-
143.1, 148.1 and 156.1 for specific hazards.
terials for Testing
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
2. Referenced Documents
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Determine Conformance with Specifications
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions with the
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
Glass Electrode
tiles
2.2 TAPPI Standards:
D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
T 413 Ash in Paper and Paperboard
Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials
T 414 Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper
at Commercial Power Frequencies
T 423 Folding Endurance of Paper (Schopper Type Test)
D150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Per-
T 444 Silver Tarnishing by Paper and Paperboard
mittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulat-
T 455 Identification of Wire Side of Paper
ing Materials
T 470 Edge Tearing Resistance of Paper
D374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
2.3 IEC Standard:
lation
IEC 60554-2 Specification for cellulosic papers for electri-
D528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper and
cal purposes—Part 2: Methods of test
Paperboard
D586 Test Method for Ash in Paper
3. Terminology
D644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper and
Paperboard by Oven Drying 3.1 Definitions:
D646 TestMethodforGrammageofPaperandPaperboard
3.1.1 For definitions pertaining to sampling refer to Termi-
(Weight Per Unit Area) nology D1711 or to Practice D3636.
D689 Test Method for Internal Tearing Resistance of Pa-
3.1.2 For definitions pertaining to dissipation factor and
per permittivity refer to Terminology D1711 or to Test Methods
D726 Test Method for Resistance of Nonporous Paper to
D150.
Passage of Air 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D774 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Paper
3.2.1 air resistance, of paper, n—a paper property which
D827 Test Method for Edge-Tearing Resistance of Paper quantifies impediment to the transverse passage of air through
D1030 Test Method for FiberAnalysis of Paper and Paper- the paper under specific conditions of test, and reported as
board eithertimeforaspecifiedvolumeperareaoftestorvolumefor
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water a specified time per area of test.
D1389 Test Method for Proof-Voltage Testing of Thin
3.2.1.1 Discussion—It is expressed in terms of time (sec-
Solid Insulating Materials onds)requiredforpassageofaspecifiedvolumeofairthrough
D1677 Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated Mica
aknownareaofpaper,or,asthevolumeofairpassingthrough
Paper Used for Electrical Insulation the paper in a given length of time.
D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
D2176 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by the
M.I.T. Tester
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
2 11
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.
3 12
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01. Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 15
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09. Technology Parkway, S., Norcross, GA 30092.
5 13
Discontinued 1981. See Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09. Available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way, East
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. Englewood, CO 80112-5704.
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D 202 – 97 (2002)
3.2.2 ash content of paper, n—the solid residue remaining with each other to the force normal to the surfaces required to
after combustion of the paper under specified conditions, continue previously-initiated movement relative to each other
expressed as a percentage of the dry mass of the original at constant speed.
specimen. 3.2.13.1 Discussion—The test may be made using a paper-
coveredblockonapaper-coveredinclinedplane,inwhichcase
3.2.3 basis weight of paper—see grammage of paper.
the result is expressed in degrees of angle of inclination of the
3.2.4 burstingstrengthofpaper,n—thehydrostaticpressure
plane which will cause the block to continue an initiated
required to produce rupture of a circular area of the material
movement.
under specified test procedures.
3.2.14 tensile energy absorption of paper (TEA), n—the
3.2.5 coverage of paper, n—thereciprocalofgrammage(or
work performed when a paper specimen is stressed to break in
basis weight).
tension under prescribed conditions, as measured by the
3.2.6 elongation of paper, n—the maximum tensile strain
integralofthetensilestressovertherangeoftensilestrainfrom
developed in the test specimen before break in a tension test
zero to the strain corresponding to maximum stress, expressed
under prescribed conditions, calculated as the ratio of the
as energy (work) per unit of original surface area of the test
increase in length of the test specimen to the original test span,
specimen.
and expressed as a percentage.
3.2.14.1 Discussion—The TEA is expressed as energy
3.2.6.1 Discussion—It is calculated as the ratio of the
(work) per unit of original surface area (length 3width) of the
increase in length of the test specimen to the original test span,
test specimen.
and is expressed as a percentage.
3.2.15 tensile strength of paper, n—the maximum tensile
3.2.7 folding endurance of paper, n—the resistance to
stress developed in a test specimen in a tension test carried to
fatigue resulting from repeated folding under specified condi-
breakunderprescribedconditions,expressedforthinpapersas
tions of test, expressed as the number of double folds required
force per unit original width of the test specimen.
to rupture a specimen, or as the logarithm of that number.
3.2.15.1 Discussion—Tensile stress is the force per unit of
3.2.7.1 Discussion—Thelevelisexpressedasthenumberof
originalcross-sectionalarea,butinthinmaterialssuchaspaper
double folds required to rupture a specimen. Sometimes the
it is commonly expressed in terms of force per unit of original
level is expressed as the logarithm of the number.
width.
3.2.8 grammage of paper, n—the mass per unit area of
3.2.16 thickness of an electrical insulating material, n—the
paper, expressed as grams per square metre.
perpendicular distance between the two surfaces of interest,
3.2.8.1 Discussion—Grammage is sometimes called weight determined in accordance with a standard method.
or basis weight of paper.These terms are most frequently used 3.2.16.1 Discussion—The thickness of papers under 0.05
when non-metric units are used, and the area is that of the mm (0.002 in.) in thickness, is often defined as one tenth that
paper in one of the several standard reams of papers defined of a stack of ten sheets in certain paper specifications.
within the paper industry. 3.2.17 water extract conductivity of paper, n—the apparent
volume conductivity at 60 Hz of a specimen of water that has
3.2.9 impregnation time of paper, n—the time in seconds
beenusedtodissolvewater-solubleimpuritiesfromaspecimen
required for a liquid of specified composition and viscosity to
of paper under prescribed conditions.
penetrate completely from one face of a sheet of paper to the
other under certain prescribed conditions.
4. Reagents
3.2.10 internal tearing resistance of paper, n—the force
4.1 Purity of Reagents—Use reagent grade chemicals in all
required to continue a previously-initiated tear across a speci-
tests.Unlessotherwiseindicated,itisintendedthatallreagents
fied distance in a single thickness of paper, expressed as the
conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical
average force per sheet to tear one or more sheets together.
Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such
3.2.10.1 Discussion—It is indicated on the specified appa-
specifications are available. Other grades are acceptable,
ratus and reported as the average force per sheet to tear one or
provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently
more sheets together across a specified distance.
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of
3.2.11 loss on ignition of inorganic fiber paper, n—the
the determination.
volatile and combustible fraction of a paper, expressed as a
4.2 Purity of Water—Exceptwhereotherwiseindicated,use
percentage of the original dry mass lost upon ignition, using a
reagent water, Type III, of Specification D1193.
specified procedure.
3.2.11.1 Discussion—It is expressed as a percentage of the
5. Precision and Bias
original dry weight lost upon ignit
...
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