ASTM D176-07(2012)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Solid Filling and Treating Compounds Used for Electrical Insulation (Withdrawn 2013)
Standard Test Methods for Solid Filling and Treating Compounds Used for Electrical Insulation (Withdrawn 2013)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The melting point is useful in selecting a filling or treating compound that will not flow at the operating temperature of the device in which it will be used. It is also essential that it shall not be so high as to injure the insulation at the time of pouring. This test method is suitable for specification, classification, and for control of product uniformity.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover physical and electrical tests for solid filling and treating compounds used for electrical insulation which are fusible to a liquid without significant chemical reaction. Compounds that are converted to the solid state by polymerization, condensation, or other chemical reaction are not included in these test methods.
1.2 These test methods are designed primarily for asphaltic or bituminous compounds, waxes, and fusible resins, or mixtures thereof, although some of these methods are applicable to semisolid types such as petrolatums. Special methods more suitable for hydrocarbon waxes are contained in Test Methods D1168.
1.3 Provide adequate ventilation when these tests involve heating.
1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:
Test MethodSections Electrical Tests: A-C Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)51-54 Dielectric Strength42-45 Volume Resistivity-Temperature Characteristics46-49 Physical Tests: Coefficient of Expansion or Contraction22-41 Flash and Fire Points 9 and 10 Loss on Heating11 and 12 Melting Point5 and 6 Penetration15 and 16 Softening Point7 and 8 Specific Gravity17-21 Viscosity13 and 14
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 12.1 and 31.5.
Note 1—There is no similar or equivalent IEC or ISO standard.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
These test methods cover physical and electrical tests for solid filling and treating compounds used for electrical insulation which are fusible to a liquid without significant chemical reaction. Compounds that are converted to the solid state by polymerization, condensation, or other chemical reaction are not included in these test methods.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials, this test method was withdrawn in November 2013. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement because the products referenced in this standard are no longer used in the electrical industry.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D176 − 07(Reapproved 2012) An American National Standard
Standard Test Methods for
Solid Filling and Treating Compounds Used for Electrical
Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
1.1 These test methods cover physical and electrical tests
statements, see 12.1 and 31.5.
for solid filling and treating compounds used for electrical
insulation which are fusible to a liquid without significant
NOTE 1—There is no similar or equivalent IEC or ISO standard.
chemical reaction. Compounds that are converted to the solid
2. Referenced Documents
state by polymerization, condensation, or other chemical reac-
tion are not included in these test methods.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
1.2 These test methods are designed primarily for asphaltic
D6 Test Method for Loss on Heating of Oil and Asphaltic
or bituminous compounds, waxes, and fusible resins, or mix-
Compounds
tures thereof, although some of these methods are applicable to
D70 Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid Bituminous
semisolid types such as petrolatums. Special methods more
Materials (Pycnometer Method)
suitable for hydrocarbon waxes are contained in Test Methods
D71 Test Method for Relative Density of Solid Pitch and
D1168.
Asphalt (Displacement Method)
1.3 Provide adequate ventilation when these tests involve
D88 Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
heating.
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:
Open Cup Tester
Test Method Sections D127 Test Method for Drop Melting Point of Petroleum
Wax, Including Petrolatum
Electrical Tests:
D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
A-C Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) 51-54
Dielectric Strength 42-45 DielectricStrengthofSolidElectricalInsulatingMaterials
Volume Resistivity-Temperature Characteristics 46-49
at Commercial Power Frequencies
Physical Tests:
D150 Test Methods forAC Loss Characteristics and Permit-
Coefficient of Expansion or Contraction 22-41
Flash and Fire Points 9 and 10 tivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation
Loss on Heating 11 and 12
D257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of
Melting Point 5 and 6
Insulating Materials
Penetration 15 and 16
Softening Point 7 and 8
D937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
Specific Gravity 17-21
D1168 Test Methods for Hydrocarbon Waxes Used for
Viscosity 13 and 14
Electrical Insulation
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
E28 Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derived
only.
from Naval Stores by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E102 TestMethodforSayboltFurolViscosityofBituminous
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Materials at High Temperatures
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
These methods of testing are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09
on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D09.01 on Electrical Insulating Varnishes, Powders and Encapsulat-
ing Compounds. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published April 2012. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D176 – 07. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D0176-07R12. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D176 − 07 (2012)
3.1.1 dielectric strength, n—the voltage gradient at which dard methods of sampling have been established. When the
dielectric failure of the insulating material occurs under spe- sample is in the form of cakes or ingots, a representative
cific conditions of test.
sample is usually secured by breaking or cutting a transverse
sectionfromthemiddleofthecakeoringot.Whenthematerial
3.1.2 For definitions of other terms relating to electrical
is shipped in pails or drums, a sample is removed with a clean
insulation see Terminology D1711.
knife, hatchet, auger or other cutting tool, discarding the top 50
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
or 75 mm (2 or 3 in.) of the compound. Melting of the
3.2.1 loss on heating, n—of filling or treating compound,the
compound should be avoided unless it can be poured directly
change in weight of a compound when heated under prescribed
conditions at a standard temperature for a specified time. intothetestingcontainer.Ameltingandpouringtemperatureof
50 °C (90 °F) above the softening point is recommended for
3.2.2 melting point, n—of filling or treating compound, the
filling testing containers with asphaltic compounds. Take care
temperature at which the compound becomes sufficiently fluid
not to overheat the compound nor to entrap air.
to drop from the thermometer used in making the determina-
tion under prescribed conditions.
4.2 With certain materials that tend to entrap gasses due to
3.2.3 penetration, n— of filling or treating compound, the
high viscosity at pouring temperatures, or to froth on heating,
distance traveled by a standard needle (or cone) as it pierces a
itisnecessarytodegasthematerialpriortotestinginorderthat
specimenunderspecifiedconditionsofload,timeandtempera-
consistent results are secured (unless the particular test in-
ture.
cludes such procedure). If degassing is required, perform by
3.2.4 softening point, n—of filling or treating compound,the
heating the material in a vacuum oven. Ensure the temperature
temperature at which the central portion of a disk of the
and vacuum are high enough, and the time long enough to
compound held within a horizontal ring of specified dimen-
drive off the mechanically entrapped gasses, but not so high to
sions has sagged or flowed downward a distance of 25 mm (1
decompose the material. A temperature 50 °C (90 °F) higher
in.) under the weight of a 10-mm ( ⁄8-in.) diameter steel ball as
than the softening point of the compound, an absolute pressure
the sample is heated at a prescribed rate in a water or glycerin
of 7 to 21 kPa (1 to 3 psi), and a time of 30 to 45 min are
bath.
recommended for asphaltic compounds. Pour the sample into
the testing container.
4. Sampling and Conditioning
4.1 Due to the diverse nature of the compounds and the
various forms and packages commercially available, no stan-
PHYSICAL TESTS
MELTING POINT the compound has no definite melting point, for purposes of
specification, classification, and control of product uniformity.
5. Significance and Use
8. Procedure
5.1 The melting point is useful in selecting a filling or
8.1 Determine the softening point in accordance with Test
treating compound that will not flow at the operating tempera-
Method E28.
ture of the device in which it will be used. It is also essential
that it shall not be so high as to injure the insulation at the time
FLASH AND FIRE POINTS
of pouring. This test method is suitable for specification,
9. Significance and Use
classification, and for control of product uniformity.
9.1 Theflashandfirepointsmustbehighenoughsothatthe
6. Procedure
possibility of an explosion or fire is at a minimum when the
6.1 Determine the melting point of petrolatums, waxes, and compounds are being heated and poured. A flash point at least
similar compounds of a relatively sharp melting point by Test 35 °C (63 °F) above the pouring temperature is usually
Method D127. considered necessary for safe operations. An unusually low
flash point for a given compound indicates a mixture or
NOTE 2—This method should not be used for asphalts and other types
contamination with a volatile material. This test method is
with a prolonged melting range.
useful for purposes of specification, classification, and control
SOFTENING POINT
of product uniformity.
10. Procedure
7. Significance and Use
10.1 Determine the flash and fire points of all compounds in
7.1 The softening point is useful in selecting a filling or
accordance with Test Method D92.
treating compound that will not flow at the operating tempera-
ture of the device in which it is used. It is also an indication of 10.2 In the case of certain compounds containing chlorine,
the pouring temperature, which should not be so high as to the flash has the potential to be indefinite and no fire point
injuretheinsulationofadevice.Thistestmethodisused,when exists. Report this fact.
D176 − 07 (2012)
LOSS ON HEATING PENETRATION
15. Significance and Use
11. Significance and Use
15.1 Penetration is an indication of the softness or indent-
11.1 Loss on heating includes loss of moisture and volatile
ability of a compound. Penetration values are used as a basis
constituentslessanyweightgainduetooxidization.Itisuseful
for classification, specification, and control of product unifor-
for control of product uniformity and as an indication of pot or
mity.
tank life if the test is performed at the appropriate temperature.
This test method shall not be used to compare compounds of
16. Procedure
different basic chemical compositions.
16.1 Determine penetration in accordance withTest Method
12. Procedure
D5. This test method is applicable to all compounds except
very soft materials and petrolatums. Unless specified other-
12.1 Determine the loss on heating of asphaltic and certain
wise, the standard conditions of test are:
other types of compounds by Test Method D6.
Weight, g Time, s
NOTE 3—The reproducibility of this test method has the potential to be
poor due to insufficient control of the air circulation over the specimens
At 25 °C (77 °F) 100 5
and to weight gain from oxidation of some compounds. With certain
Other standard conditions are:
compounds it is desirable to conduct the test at a lower temperature than
the specified temperature of 163 °C (325 °F). Weight, g Time, s
Warning—When compounds of low flash point and high
At0°C(32°F) 200 60
At 46 °C (115 °F) 50 5
volatility are tested, the oven shall have low-temperature
heating elements and a safety door latch to relieve pressure in
16.2 For very soft materials, such as petrolatums, use Test
case of an explosion.
Method D937.
VISCOSITY
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
13. Significance and Use
17. Significance and Use
13.1 The Saybolt viscosity is nearly proportional to the
17.1 Specific gravity is useful for indicating product unifor-
kinematic viscosity of filling and treating compounds and
mity and for calculating the weight of a given volume of
hence, it is an indication of whether or not the material will
material.Insomeinstancesitisusefulinestimatingtheamount
flow readily under its own weight at a prescribed temperature.
of mineral fillers in a compound. If specific gravity is known at
It is also satisfactory for control of product uniformity and for
several temperatures, the coefficient of expansion is calculated.
specification purposes. If the specific gravity of a compound is determined before and
after degassing, it is possible to calculate the volume of
14. Procedure entrapped gasses.
14.1 For waxes, petrolatums, and other low-viscosity-type 17.2 Displacement tests are used to determine the specific
gravity of both untreated and degassed compounds. Conven-
compounds determine the viscosity as Saybolt Universal vis-
cosity by Test Method D88. The standard temperatures for tional methods are used for the solid state, and plummet
displacement for the liquid state. The values obtained have the
testing are: 21, 38, 54, or 99 °C (70, 100, 130, or 210 °F).
potential to be used to compute the approximate coefficient of
14.2 For asphaltic and other high-viscosity compounds,
cubical expansion by Test Method C (see Sections 34-36).
determine the Saybolt Furol viscosity. The standard tempera-
tures for testing Furol viscosity are: 25, 38, 50, 60, 82, and 99
WATER DISPLACEMENT METHODS
°C (77, 100, 122, 140, 180, 210 °F).
18. Procedure
14.3 For higher temperatures, special techniques and ther-
mometers are required. The standard temperatures are 121,
18.1 Determine the specific gravity by Test Method D70 or
149, 177, 204, and 232 °C (250, 300, 350, 400, 450 °F). In
Test Method D71.
these cases determine the viscosity by Test Method E102.
PLUMMET DISPLACEMENT METHOD
NOTE 4—For testing waxes and petrolatums, the standard temperature
for comparison purposes is 99 °C (210 °F), and Saybolt Universal
19. Scope
viscosity is used. For estimation of the properties of asphaltic and other
compounds of high viscosity, it is desirable to measure the viscosity at a
19.1 The specific gravity of the material at the desired
number of standard temperatures above the softening point. A curve is
temperature is calculated from the weight of the compound
plotted on log-log paper and the temperature at which the Saybolt Furol
displaced by a calibrated aluminum plummet.
viscosity is 470 s is determined.This viscosity corresponds approximately
toakinematicviscosityof1000centistokes,andisaviscosityatwhichthe
compound is conveniently poured from the container. With potting
20. Apparatus
compounds, it is also desirable to know the temperature at which the
20.1 Balance—An analytical balance equipped with pan
Saybolt Furol viscosity is 100 s, since this viscosity is low enough for
production potting operations. straddle.
D176 − 07 (2012)
20.2 Plummet—An aluminum plummet of suitable shape These test methods are used for determining either true or
weighing 5 to 10 g. effective coefficient of expansion but are not used as referee
test methods.
20.3 Beaker—A 400-mL heat-resistant glass beaker
wrapped with a suitable thermal insulation.
23. Significance and Use
23.1 Coefficient of expansion is useful in computing the
20.4 Thermometer—A thermometer of suitable range.
amount of void space that will remain in a device filled with
20.5 Wire—Two pieces of fine copper wire.
compound after the compound has cooled to the ambient
temperature. It also is one indic
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