ASTM E1208-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Process
Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Process
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for fluorescent liquid penetrant examination utilizing the lipophilic post- emulsification process. It is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance examination. It can be effectively used in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified ceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.
1.2 This test method also provides a reference:
1.2.1 By which a fluorescent liquid penetrant examination, lipophilic post-emulsification process recommended or required by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications dealing with the fluorescent penetrant examination of materials and parts using the lipophilic post-emulsification process. Agreement by the purchaser and the manufacturer regarding specific techniques is strongly recommended.
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest standards for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted, however, that after indications have been produced, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code or specification or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction of indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Notes 5, 13, and 19.
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Designation: E 1208 – 99
Standard Test Method for
Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the
Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Process
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1208; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers procedures for fluorescent
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
liquid penetrant examination utilizing the lipophilic postemul-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
sification process. It is a nondestructive testing method for
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as
statements, see Note 12, and Note 17.
cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, through leaks, or
lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and
2. Referenced Documents
maintenance examination. It can be effectively used in the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
examination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and
D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified
eral Bomb Method)
ceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.
D 516 Test Methods for Sulfate Ion in Water
1.2 This test method also provides a reference:
D 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-
1.2.1 By which a fluorescent liquid penetrant examination,
leum Products (Bomb Method)
lipophilic post-emulsification process recommended or re-
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
quiredbyindividualorganizationscanbereviewedtoascertain
(High-Temperature Method)
its applicability and completeness.
E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications
E 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-
dealing with the fluorescent penetrant examination of materials
tion
and parts using the lipophilic post-emulsification process.
E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-
Agreement by the purchaser and the manufacturer regarding
destructive Testing
specific techniques is strongly recommended.
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and
2.2 ASNT Documents:
personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.
Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifica-
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest standards
tion and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be pointed
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Qualification and Certification of
out, however, that indications must be interpreted or classified
NDT Personnel
and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate
2.3 Military Standard:
code or specification or a specific agreement to define the type,
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
size, location, and direction of indications considered accept-
tion and Certification
able, and those considered unacceptable.
2.4 AIA Standard:
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
as the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
Test Personnel
1.5 All areas of this document may be open to agreement
between the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-
plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
organization. 3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlin-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on gate Plaza, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1999. Published April 1999. Originally Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250
published as E 1208 – 87. Last previous edition E 1208 – 94. Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1208–99
NOTE 4—Caution: While approved penetrant materials will not ad-
2.5 Department of Defense (DoD) Contracts—Unless oth-
verselyaffectcommonmetallicmaterials,someplasticsorrubbersmaybe
erwise specified, the issue of the documents that are DoD
swollen or stained by certain penetrants.
adopted are those listed in the issue of the DoDISS (Depart-
6.2 Post-Emulsifiable Penetrants are designed to be in-
ment of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards) cited
in the solicitation. soluble in water and cannot be removed with water rinsing
alone. They are designed to be selectively removed from the
2.6 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict between surface by the use of a separate emulsifier. The lipophilic
emulsifier, properly applied and given a proper emulsification
the text of this test method and the references cited herein, the
text of this test method takes precedence. time, combines with the excess surface penetrant to form a
water-washable mixture, which can then be rinsed from the
surface, leaving the surface free of fluorescent background.
3. Terminology
Proper emulsification time must be experimentally established
3.1 Definitions—The definitions relating to liquid penetrant
and maintained to assure that over emulsification does not
examination, which appear inTerminology E 1316, shall apply
occur, resulting in loss of indications.
to the terms used in this test method.
6.3 Lipophilic Emulsifiers areoil-baseliquidsusedtoemul-
sify the oily penetrant on the surface of the part, rendering it
4. Summary of Test Method
water washable. The rate of diffusion establishes the emulsion
4.1 A post-emulsifiable, liquid, fluorescent penetrant is ap-
time. They are either slow- or fast-acting, depending on both
plied evenly over the surface being tested and allowed to enter
their viscosity and chemical composition, and the surface
open discontinuities. After a suitable dwell time, the excess
roughness of the area being examined (see 7.1.5.1).
surface penetrant is removed by applying the lipophilic emul-
6.4 Developers—Development of penetrant indications is
sifier and the part is water-rinsed and dried. If an aqueous
the process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-
developer is to be employed, the developer is applied prior to
ties through blotting action of the applied developer, thus
the drying step. A developer is applied to draw the entrapped
increasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Several
penetrant out of the discontinuity and stain the developer. The
types of developers are suitable for use with the lipophilic
test surface is then examined visually using a black light in a
penetrant process.
darkened area to determine the presence or absence of indica-
NOTE 5—Caution: Aqueous developers may cause stripping of indica-
tions.
tions if not properly applied and controlled. The procedure should be
qualified in accordance with 9.2.
NOTE 1—The developer may be omitted by agreement between pur-
chaser and supplier.
6.4.1 Dry Powder Developers are used as supplied (that is,
NOTE 2—Caution: Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow
free-flowing, noncaking powder) in accordance with
a visible penetrant examination unless the procedure has been qualified in
7.1.8.1(a). Care should be taken not to contaminate the
accordance with 9.2, because visible dyes may cause deterioration or
developer with fluorescent penetrant, as the penetrant specks
quenching of fluorescent dyes.
can appear as indications.
4.2 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetration
6.4.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as dry
time, emulsification time, etc., are determined by the specific
powder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)
materials used, the nature of the part under examination (that
in water. The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in
is, size, shape, surface condition, alloy), type of discontinuities
accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations (see
expected, etc.
7.1.8.1(b)).
5. Significance and Use 6.4.3 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are supplied as suspen-
sions of developer particles in a nonaqueous solvent carrier
5.1 Liquidpenetrantexaminationmethodsindicatethepres-
ready for use as supplied. Nonaqueous, wet developers form a
ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-
coating on the surface of the part when dried, which serves as
tude of the detected discontinuities. This test method is
the developing medium for fluorescent penetrants (see
normally used for production examination of critical compo-
7.1.8.1(c)).
nents or structures when (a) removal of excessive amounts of
penetrant from discontinuities using a waterwashable process
NOTE 6—Caution: This type of developer is intended for application
can be a problem and (b) the use of a hydrophilic remover is
by spray only.
impractical.
6.4.4 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidal
suspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. These
6. Reagents and Materials
developerswillformatransparentortranslucentcoatingonthe
6.1 Liquid Penetrant Examination Materials, for use in the
surface of the part. Certain types of film developer may be
lipophilic post-emulsification process (see Note 3) consist of a
stripped from the part and retained for record purposes (see
family of post-emulsifiable fluorescent penetrant, lipophilic
7.1.8.1(d)).
emulsifier, and are classified as Type I Fluorescent, Method
B—Post-Emulsifiable, Lipophilic. Intermixing of materials
7. Procedure
from various manufacturers is not recommended.
7.1 The following general procedure applies to the fluores-
cent liquid penetrant examination, lipophilic post-
NOTE 3—Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, and
alkali metal content. emulsification process method (see Fig. 1).
E1208–99
Incoming Parts
PRECLEAN Alkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent Wash Acid Etch
(See 7.1.3.1)
Mechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic Detergent
DRY
(See 7.1.3.2)
Dry
PENETRANT Apply Post-
APPLICATION Emulsifiable
(See 7.1.4) Penetrant
LIPOPHILIC
EMULSIFIER
(See 7.1.5)
Apply Lipophilic
Emulsifier
FINAL RINSE
(See 7.1.6)
Water Wash
DRY DEVELOP Developer
(See 7.1.7) (See 7.1.8) (Aqueous)
Dry
DEVELOP DRY Developer Dry,
(See 7.1.8) (See 7.1.7) Nonaqueous
Dry
or Liquid Film
EXAMINE
(See 7.1.9)
Examine
Water Rinse Detergent Mechanical
Wash
POST CLEAN
(See 7.1.11 and Prac-
tice E 165, Annex on Post
Cleaning.)
Dry
Vapor Degrease Solvent Soak Ultrasonic Clean
Outgoing Parts
FIG. 1 General Procedure Flowsheet for Fluorescent Penetrant Examination Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Process
7.1.1 Temperature Limits—Thetemperatureofthepenetrant als are present, these may be removed by wiping the surface
materials and the surface of the part to be processed should be with clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning of metals to
between 40 and 120°F (4 and 49°C). Where it is not practical remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite, scale,
to comply with these temperature limitations, qualify the insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should be done
procedure at the temperature of intended use as described in using cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemical remov-
9.2. ing processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, machining,
7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant Inspection— polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit and vapor
Satisfactory results may be obtained on surfaces in the as- blasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrant
welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or for entrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indications
ceramics in the densified condition. These sensitive penetrants of unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with the
are generally less easily rinsed away and are therefore less effectiveness of the examination. For metals, unless otherwise
suitable for rougher surfaces. When only loose surface residu- specified, etching shall be performed when evidence exists that
E1208–99
previous cleaning, surface treatments, or service usage have 7.1.4.1 Modes of Application—There are various modes of
produced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness of effective application of penetrant such as dipping, brushing,
the examination. (See Annex on Mechanical Cleaning and flooding, or spraying. Small parts are quite often placed in
Surface Conditioning and Annex on Acid Etching in Test suitable baskets and dipped into a tank of penetrant. On larger
Method E 165 for general precautions relative to surface parts, and those with complex geometries, penetrant can be
preparation.) applied effectively by brushing or spraying. Both conventional
and electrostatic spray guns are effective means of applying
NOTE 7—When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blasting
liquid penetrants to the part surfaces. Electrostatic spray
without subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.
application can eliminate excess liquid buildup of penetrant on
NOTE 8—Caution: Sand or shot blasting may possibly close indica-
tions. Extreme care should be used with grinding and machining opera- the part, minimize overspray, and minimize the amount of
tions.
penetrantenteringhollow-coredpassageswhichmightserveas
NOTE 9—For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation by
penetrant reservoirs, causing severe bleedout problems during
grinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is not
examination. Aerosol sprays are conveniently portable and
recommended because of the potential for damage.
suitable for local application.
7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:
NOTE 11—Caution: Not all penetrant materials are suitable for elec-
7.1.3.1 Precleaning—The success of any penetrant exami-
trostatic spray applications.
nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface and
NOTE 12—Warning: With spray applications, it is important that there
discontinuity being free of any contaminant (soli
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