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ASTM D4031-07(2018)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns

Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The values obtained by this test method should not be used to predict similar properties in fabricated structures except in narrow well-defined comparisons, such as 16.7 tex (150-denier) polyester from the same feed yarn merge and textured on the same machine type. Attempts to relate yarn performance to fabric performance might result in poor correlations unless other factors affecting bulk such as yarn shrinkage and fabric finishing are eliminated.  
5.2 Elapsed time between processing and testing has a marked effect on the results of this test especially during the first 72 h. Therefore, specimens should only be compared if tested after the same elapsed time. This effect is caused by stress decay which is known to be minimal beyond the seventh day and after which time the sample remains relatively stable. Comparisons are preferably made after the seventh day.  
5.3 In the case of yarns having a linear density near the upper limit of the skein size directed in Table 3, an error is introduced when rounding off to full revolutions. Therefore, the calculated values for crimp contraction, etc., should only be compared with other samples of yarn of the same linear density. (A) See Eq 2, and Note 1.(B) 100 Revolutions, linear density of skein varies.  
5.4 Option A used with crimp development Condition 1 (dry heat oven at 120°C (248°F)) and light loads of 0.04 mN/tex (0.5 mgf/den) and 0.44 mN/tex (5.0 mgf/den) are recommended for textured polyester yarns. All crimp parameters may be calculated.  
5.5 Option B may also be used with crimp development Condition 1 (dry heat) for textured polyester yarns. Crimp contraction may be calculated. When used to duplicate or to utilize suitable mechanical yarn handling devices,3 alternate skein size and weights may be used as described in 6.5.2 and 9.3.2.  
5.6 Option C used with crimp development Condition 2 (water bath at 82°C (180°F)) and a light load of 0.13 mN/tex (1.5 mgf/den) is recommended for textured nylon yarns. ...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the change in length of a tensioned skein of textured yarn due to change in crimp characteristics brought about by exposure to wet or dry heat. The change in length, depending on procedure, is a measure of skein shrinkage, crimp contraction, bulk shrinkage, or crimp recovery.  
1.2 This test method applies to crimped, continuous multifilament yarns ranging from 1.7 to 88.9 tex (15 to 800 denier).  
1.3 Three conditions are provided for crimp development mediums, and loading routines are provided to be used on the yarn skeins to allow determination of yarn bulk by several different procedures.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2018
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D123-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-15b - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM D4849-13(2018) - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018

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ASTM D4031-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured YarnsASTM D4031-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
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ASTM D4031-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4031 − 07 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
1
Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4031; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
Length Specimens
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the change
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
in length of a tensioned skein of textured yarn due to change in
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
crimp characteristics brought about by exposure to wet or dry
ber) by the Skein Method
heat. The change in length, depending on procedure, is a
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
measure of skein shrinkage, crimp contraction, bulk shrinkage,
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
or crimp recovery.
1.2 This test method applies to crimped, continuous multi-
3. Terminology
filament yarns ranging from 1.7 to 88.9 tex (15 to 800 denier).
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and
1.3 Three conditions are provided for crimp development
Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849.
mediums, and loading routines are provided to be used on the
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: bulk
yarn skeins to allow determination of yarn bulk by several
shrinkage, crimp contraction, crimp development medium,
different procedures.
crimp recovery, skein shrinkage.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.2 For all other terms are related to textiles, refer to
are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound
Terminology D123.
units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each
systemarenotexactequivalent;therefore,eachsystemshallbe
4. Summary of Test Method
used independently of the other. Combining values from the
4.1 A skein of yarn of a prescribed size (linear density) is
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
subjected to a crimp development medium using a specified
cation.
loading routine.As the crimp is developed or shrinkage occurs
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
in the yarn, the skein changes in length. The lengths of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
skein under specified tension forces are used to calculate the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
value of bulk shrinkage, crimp contraction, skein shrinkage, or
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
crimp recovery.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2 The test method offers three options for loading routine
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
of the yarn skeins. Loading routines consist of using low-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
tension forces (light loads of 0.04 to 0.98 mN/tex (0.5 to 11
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
mgf/den)) that extend without removing crimp, and high-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
tension forces (heavy loads of 8.8 mN/tex (100 mgf/den)) that
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
remove crimp without elongating the yarn.Alist of weights to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
be used is given in Table 1. Weight option combinations are
2. Referenced Documents
detailed in Table 2.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Significance and Use
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
5.1 The values obtained by this test method should not be
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
usedtopredictsimilarpropertiesinfabricatedstructuresexcept
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
in narrow well-defined comparisons, such as 16.7 tex (150-
Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originally
denier) polyester from the same feed yarn merge and textured
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4031 – 07(2012).
DOI: 10.1520/D4031-07R18.
onthesamemachinetype.Attemptstorelateyarnperformance
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
to fabric performance might result in poor correlations unless
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
other factors affecting bulk such as yarn shrinkage and fabric
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the AST
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is a quick method used for the determination of the approximate yarn number of short-length specimens taken from packages or fabrics.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the yarn number of all types of cotton, woolen, worsted, and man-made fiber yarns taken from packages; or from any textile fabrics in which the yarns are intact and can be removed in measurable lengths. The test method is not applicable to yarns taken from napped or cut pile fabrics. Because this test method is based on short-length specimens, the results should only be considered as approximations of yarn number.
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5.1 Test Method D6774, for determining maximum total contraction, crimp, and residual fiber shrinkage in textured filament yarns is suitable for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
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5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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SCOPE
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1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore to ensure conformance with this standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
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ASTM
ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
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1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM
ASTM D3693-02(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2256/D2256M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—Option A1 of Test Method D2256 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. However, this statement is not applicable to knot and loop breaking force tests, tests on wet specimens, tests on oven-dried specimens, or tests on specimens exposed to low or high temperatures and should be used with caution for acceptance testing because factual information on between-laboratory precision and bias is not available.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Fundamental Properties—The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations on yarn processing or conversion and on their end-use applications. Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the yarn to extension at forces below the yield point. The chord modulus is used to estimate the resistance to imposed strain. The breaking toughness is a measure of the work necessary to break the yarn.  
5.3 Comparison to Skein Testing—The single-strand method gives a more a...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile properties of monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarns, either single, plied, or cabled with the exception of yarns that stretch more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 0.05 to 1.0 cN/tex [0.5 to 1.0 gf/tex].  
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of breaking force and elongation of yarns and includes directions for the calculation of breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord modulus, and breaking toughness.  
1.2.1 Options are included for the testing of specimens in: (A) straight, (B) knotted, and (C) looped form.  
1.2.2 Conditions of test are included for the testing of specimens that are: (1) conditioned air, (2) wet, not immersed, (3) wet, immersed, (4) oven-dried, (5) exposed to elevated temperature, or (6) exposed to low temperature.  
Note 1: Special methods for testing yarns made from specific fibers; namely, glass, flax, hemp, ramie, and kraft paper and for specific products; namely, tire cords and rope, have been published: Test Methods D885, and Specification D578.
Note 2: For directions covering the determination of breaking force of yarn by the skein method refer to Test Method D1578.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization estab...

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  • Standard
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off