ASTM D4849-13(2018)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is a compilation of terminology developed by Committee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
1.1.1 This terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to fibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.
1.1.2 Subcommittee D13.58 has jurisdictional responsibility for every item in this standard. The standards in which the terms and definitions are used are listed by number after the definition. The wording of an entry cannot be changed without the approval of 13.58 subcommittee. Any changes approved by the subcommittee and main committee are then directed to subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology for subsequent changes or additions to Terminology D123.
1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of the terms under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.58. Other terminology standards under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.58 are D3888, D4466, and D4848.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: D4849 − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Terminology Related to
Yarns and Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4849; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1230 Test Method for Flammability of Apparel Textiles
D1244 Practice for Designation of Yarn Construction
1.1 Thisstandardisacompilationofterminologydeveloped
D1422 Test Method for Twist in Single Spun Yarns by the
by Committee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Untwist-Retwist Method
1.1.1 This terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to
D1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting
fibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that are
D1425 Test Method for Evenness of Textile Strands Using
generally understood or adequately defined in other readily
Capacitance Testing Equipment
available sources are not included.
D1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
1.1.2 SubcommitteeD13.58hasjurisdictionalresponsibility
D1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein
for every item in this standard. The standards in which the
Form
terms and definitions are used are listed by number after the
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
definition. The wording of an entry cannot be changed without
ber) by the Skein Method
the approval of 13.58 subcommittee.Any changes approved by
D2102 Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers (Bundle
the subcommittee and main committee are then directed to
Test)
subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology for subsequent changes
D2255 Test Method for Grading SpunYarns forAppearance
or additions to Terminology D123.
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of the
D2259 Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
terms under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.58. Other
D2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent Yarn
terminology standards under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee
Numbers Measured in Various Numbering Systems
D13.58 are D3888, D4466, and D4848.
D2402 Test Method for Water Retention of Textile Fibers
1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
(Centrifuge Procedure)
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D2612 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Sliver and Top
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
(Static Tests)
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D2494 Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
D2645 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted
Systems
2. Referenced Documents
D2644 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Woolen System
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D3106 Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elasto-
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
meric Yarns
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D3108 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction,Yarn to Solid
D861 PracticeforUseoftheTexSystemtoDesignateLinear
Material
Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and Yarns
D3128 Specification for 2-Methoxyethanol
D204 Test Methods for Sewing Threads
D3217 TestMethodsforBreakingTenacityofManufactured
D1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
Textile Fibers in Loop or Knot Configurations
Length Specimens
D3218 Specification for Polyolefin Monofilaments
D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles Sliver, or Tow for Testing
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
D3334 Test Method for Fabrics Woven from Polyolefin
Current edition approved July 1, 2018 Published August 2018 Originally 3
Monofilaments (Withdrawn 1989)
ε3
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D4849–02b (2013) .
D3412 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
DOI: 10.1520/D4849-13R18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4849 − 13 (2018)
D3513 Test Method for Overlength Fiber Content of Manu- beam, n—in textiles, a large spool containing many ends of
factured Staple Fiber yarn wound parallel, and used for such purposes as weaving
D3693 Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of or warp knitting. D2258
Sewing Thread
beam set, n—in textiles, one or more beams of yarn in a single
D3822 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Textile
shipment to be further processed together for a specific end
Fibers
use. D2258
D3823 Practice for DeterminingTicket Numbers for Sewing
Threads
bench marks, n—marks placed on a specimen to define gage
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
length, that is, the portion of the specimen that will be
D3937 Test Method for Crimp Frequency of Manufactured
evaluated in a specific test. D76
Staple Fibers
boundary friction, n—friction at low sliding speeds (0.02
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
m/min or less) where lubrication occurs under thin-film
D4031 Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
lubricant conditions. D3412
D4120 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver,
and Top in Dynamic Tests
broken filament, n—in multifilament yarn, breaks in one or
D4238 Test Method for Electrostatic Propensity of Textiles
more filaments. D3990
(Withdrawn 1996)
bulk sample, n—in the sampling of bulk material, one or more
D4466 Terminology Related to Multicomponent Textile Fi-
portions which (1) are taken from material that does not
bers
consist of separately identifiable units and (2) can be
D4724 Test Method for Entanglements in Untwisted Fila-
identified after sampling as separate or composited units.
ment Yarns by Needle Insertion
D2258
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
Related Properties of Textiles
bulk shrinkage, n—a measure of potential stretch and power
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
of stretch yarns or a measure of bulk of textured-set yarns.
D4911 Tolerances for Yarns Made of Man-Made Fibers and
D4031
Spun on the Parrallel Worsted or Modified Worsted
bunch, n—a defect in a yarn characterized by a segment not
System (Withdrawn 2000)
over 6 mm ( ⁄4 in.) in length that shows an abrupt increase in
D5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
diameter caused by more fibers matted in this particular
Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)
place. (See slug, slub.) D2255
D5104 Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers (Single-
Fiber Test)
cable twist, n—theconstructionofcabledyarn,cord,orropein
D5332 Test Method for Fiber Length and Length Distribu-
whicheachsuccessivetwistisintheoppositedirectiontothe
tion of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2006)
preceding twist; an S/Z/S or Z/S/Z construction. D1423
D5344 Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Ori-
calibrate, v—to determine and record the relationship between
ented Yarn
a set of standard units of measure and the output of an
D5647 Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the
instrument or test procedure.
Photo-Electric Apparatus
DISCUSSION—This term is also commonly used to describe the
D6197 Test Method for Classifying and Counting Faults in
checkingofpreviouslymarkedinstruments,anoperationmoreproperly
Spun Yarns in Electronic Tests
described as a description of verification. D76
D6587 Test Method for Yarn Number Using Automatic
Tester
capacity, n—for tensile testing machines, the maximum force
D6612 Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn Number
for which the machine is designed.
Variability Using Automated Tester
DISCUSSION—Capacity is the maximum force the tester-frame and the
D6774 Test Method for Crimp and Shrinkage Properties for drive system can exercise on the specimen without inadmissible
deformations of the tester-frame, etc. Within its capacity, there are
Textured Yarns Using a Dynamic Textured Yarn Tester
available load-cells with different full-scale ranges which may be
(Withdrawn 2019)
chosen to select an appropriate full-scale range for a special test. D76
3. Terminology
case, n—in textiles, a shipping unit, usually a carton, box, bale,
3.1 Alphabetical listings of terms with subcommittee 13.58
or other container holding a number of yarn packages.
jurisdiction and attribution for each term.
D2258
American grain count, n—adirectyarnnumberingsystemfor
clamp, n—that part of a testing machine used to grip the
expressing linear density, equal to the mass in grains per 120
specimen by means of suitable jaws. D76
yards of sliver or roving. D2260
cockles, n—in yarns, irregular, thick, uneven lumps. D2255
bad/good test (%BGT), n—an index value which shows the
total spread, or greatest variation, for the test; coefficient of friction, n—the ratio of the tangential force that
mathematically, the difference between the highest and is needed to maintain uniform relative motion between two
lowest mass readings determined in the test, expressed as a contacting surfaces to the perpendicular force holding them
percentage of the average mass. D6612 in contact. D3108, D3412
D4849 − 13 (2018)
coefficient of variation unevenness, n—in textiles, the stan- the force is uniform with time after the first 3 s and the
dard deviation of the linear densities over which unevenness specimen is free to elongate, this elongation dependent on
is measured expressed as a percentage of the average linear the extension characteristics of the specimen at any applied
density for the total length within which unevenness is force. D76
measured. (See also unevenness and mean deviation
constant-rate-of-traverse tensile testing machine (CR), n—a
unevenness.) D1425
testing machine in which the pulling clamp moves at a
uniformrateandtheforceisappliedthroughtheotherclamp
cohesive force, n—in a textile strand, the force required to
which moves appreciably to actuate a force-measuring
overcome fiber cohesion as the strand is being reduced in
mechanism, producing a rate of increase of force or exten-
linear density.
sion that is usually not constant and is dependent upon the
DISCUSSION—In dynamic tests, cohesive force is the force required to
maintain drafting in a roving, silver, or top. In static tests, cohesive extension characteristics of the specimen. D76
force is measured while a test specimen is held in a fixed position
container, n—a receptacle designed to hold a material, or to
between two slowly separating clamps. D2612, D4120
give integrity to the material.
colorfastness, n—the resistance of a material to change in any DISCUSSION—The term container in textiles may include bales,
cartons and other shipping containers. D3333
of its color characteristics, to transfer its colorant(s) to
adjacent materials, or both, as the result of exposure of the
coefficient of variation (CV), n—a measure of the dispersion
material to any real or simulated environment that might be
of observed values equal to the standard deviation for the
encountered during processing, storage, use or testing of the
values divided by the average of the values; may be
material. D204
expressed as a percentage of the average (%CV). D6612
commercial allowance, n—an arbitrary value equal to the
core-spun yarn, n—a compound structure in which a filament
commercial moisture regain plus a specified allowance for
or strand serves as an axis around which a cover of either
finish, used with the mass of scoured, oven-dried yarn, to
loose fiber or a yarn is wound.
compute (1) yarn linear density, (2) the commercial or legal
DISCUSSION—(1) General—in yarn testing, when the core and cover
in this type of compound structure need to be separated, for testing of
mass of a shipment or delivery of any specific textile
either component, the methods used should not compromise the
material (see also commercial moisture regain) or (3) the
physical properties of the component to be evaluated: and (2)
mass of a specific component in the analysis of fiber blends
Specific—as a sewing thread, the means by which this compound
D1907, D2494
structure is made will not allow the core and cover to be readily
separated without compromising the physical attributes of each com-
commercial mass, n—billed mass as determined by a gener-
ponent. Hence, the sewing thread should be evaluated as a compound
ally accepted method or as agreed upon between the pur-
structure. D204
chaser and supplier.
DISCUSSION—The basis for determining the commercial mass of a cotton count, n—an indirect yarn numbering system generally
shipment of yarn or manufactured fibers is generally one of the
used in the cotton system equal to the number of 840-yd
following: (1) CAS Basis (commercial allowance with scoured
lengths of yarn per pound. D1059, D2260, D6587, D6612
material)—the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring by definite
prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercial cotton system, n—aspinningsystemadaptedtofiberslessthan
allowance, (2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scoured
65 mm (2.5 in.) in length.
material)—the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring by definite
DISCUSSION—Thissystemusuallyemploysflat-topcardsandmayuse
prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercial
roll and other drafting assemblies on intermediate processes and
moisture regain. (3) CMRU Basis (commercial regain with unscoured
spinning machines. D2645
material)—the mass of unscoured oven-dry fiber or yarn plus the mass
cover, n—in yarns, the outside layer of fibers that form the
corresponding to its commercial regain. (4) UN Basis (unadjusted
net)—the mass of the unscoured fiber or yarn with no adjustment for surface of a yarn. D2255
the amount of moisture or finish, or both. D2494
covered yarn, n—a compound structure which contains dis-
tinguishable inner and outer fibrous elements which can be
component, n—as used with textile fiber polymers, a polymer
different. D204
with distinguishable properties. D4466
CRE—abbreviation for constant-rate-of-extension. D76
cone, n—in textiles, (1) a yarn holder or bobbin of conical
shape used as a core for a yarn package of conical form, also
crimp, n—in a textile strand, the undulations, waviness, or
called a cone core. (2) the yarn package ob
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´3
Designation: D4849 − 13 D4849 − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Terminology Related to
Yarns and Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4849; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Terms were added editorially in September 2014.
ε NOTE—A definition for “shrinkage” was added editorially in September 2016.
ε NOTE—Terms were added editorially in August 2017.
1. Scope
1.1 This standard is a compilation of terminology developed by Committee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
1.1.1 This terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to fibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that are generally
understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.
1.1.2 Subcommittee D13.58 has jurisdictional responsibility for every item in this standard. The standards in which the terms
and definitions are used are listed by number after the definition. The wording of an entry cannot be changed without the approval
of 13.58 subcommittee. Any changes approved by the subcommittee and main committee are then directed to subcommittee
D13.92 on Terminology for subsequent changes or additions to Terminology D123.
1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of the terms under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.58. Other
terminology standards under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.58 are D3888, D4466, and D4848.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D861 Practice for Use of the Tex System to Designate Linear Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and Yarns
D204 Test Methods for Sewing Threads
D1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length Specimens
D1230 Test Method for Flammability of Apparel Textiles
D1244 Practice for Designation of Yarn Construction
D1422 Test Method for Twist in Single Spun Yarns by the Untwist-Retwist Method
D1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting
D1425 Test Method for Unevenness of Textile Strands Using Capacitance Testing Equipment
D1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
D1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
D2102 Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers (Bundle Test)
D2255 Test Method for Grading Spun Yarns for Appearance
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
D2259 Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
D2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent Yarn Numbers Measured in Various Numbering Systems
D2402 Test Method for Water Retention of Textile Fibers (Centrifuge Procedure)
D2612 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Sliver and Top (Static Tests)
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013July 1, 2018 Published October 2013August 2018 Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20072013 as
ε3
D4849–02b (2007)(2013) . DOI: 10.1520/D4849-13E03.10.1520/D4849-13E03R18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4849 − 13 (2018)
D2494 Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
D2645 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems
D2644 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Woolen System
D3106 Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elastomeric Yarns
D3108 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Solid Material
D3128 Specification for 2-Methoxyethanol
D3217 Test Methods for Breaking Tenacity of Manufactured Textile Fibers in Loop or Knot Configurations
D3218 Specification for Polyolefin Monofilaments
D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers, Sliver, or Tow for Testing
D3334 Test Method for Fabrics Woven from Polyolefin Monofilaments (Withdrawn 1989)
D3412 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
D3513 Test Method for Overlength Fiber Content of Manufactured Staple Fiber
D3693 Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread
D3822 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Textile Fibers
D3823 Practice for Determining Ticket Numbers for Sewing Threads
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
D3937 Test Method for Crimp Frequency of Manufactured Staple Fibers
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
D4031 Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
D4120 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic Tests
D4238 Test Method for Electrostatic Propensity of Textiles (Withdrawn 1996)
D4466 Terminology Related to Multicomponent Textile Fibers
D4724 Test Method for Entanglements in Untwisted Filament Yarns by Needle Insertion
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
D4911 Tolerances for Yarns Made of Man-Made Fibers and Spun on the Parrallel Worsted or Modified Worsted System
(Withdrawn 2000)
D5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)
D5104 Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)
D5332 Test Method for Fiber Length and Length Distribution of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2006)
D5344 Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Oriented Yarn
D5647 Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric Apparatus
D6197 Test Method for Classifying and Counting Faults in Spun Yarns in Electronic Tests
D6587 Test Method for Yarn Number Using Automatic Tester
D6612 Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn Number Variability Using Automated Tester
D6774 Test Method for Crimp and Shrinkage Properties for Textured Yarns Using a Dynamic Textured Yarn Tester
3. Terminology
3.1 Alphabetical listings of terms with subcommittee 13.58 jurisdiction and attribution for each term.
American grain count, n—a direct yarn numbering system for expressing linear density, equal to the mass in grains per 120 yards
of sliver or roving. D2260
bad/good test (%BGT), n—an index value which shows the total spread, or greatest variation, for the test; mathematically, the
difference between the highest and lowest mass readings determined in the test, expressed as a percentage of the average mass.
D6612
beam, n—in textiles, a large spool containing many ends of yarn wound parallel, and used for such purposes as weaving or warp
knitting. D2258
beam set, n—in textiles, one or more beams of yarn in a single shipment to be further processed together for a specific end use.
D2258
bench marks, n—marks placed on a specimen to define gage length, that is, the portion of the specimen that will be evaluated
in a specific test. D76
boundary friction, n—friction at low sliding speeds (0.02 m/min or less) where lubrication occurs under thin-film lubricant
conditions. D3412
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
D4849 − 13 (2018)
broken filament, n—in multifilament yarn, breaks in one or more filaments. D3990
bulk sample, n—in the sampling of bulk material, one or more portions which (1) are taken from material that does not consist
of separately identifiable units and (2) can be identified after sampling as separate or composited units. D2258
bulk shrinkage, n—a measure of potential stretch and power of stretch yarns or a measure of bulk of textured-set yarns. D4031
bunch, n—a defect in a yarn characterized by a segment not over 6 mm ( ⁄4 in.) in length that shows an abrupt increase in diameter
caused by more fibers matted in this particular place. (See slug, slub.) D2255
cable twist, n—the construction of cabled yarn, cord, or rope in which each successive twist is in the opposite direction to the
preceding twist; an S/Z/S or Z/S/Z construction. D1423
calibrate, v—to determine and record the relationship between a set of standard units of measure and the output of an instrument
or test procedure.
DISCUSSION—
This term is also commonly used to describe the checking of previously marked instruments, an operation more properly described as a description
of verification. D76
capacity, n—for tensile testing machines, the maximum force for which the machine is designed.
DISCUSSION—
Capacity is the maximum force the tester-frame and the drive system can exercise on the specimen without inadmissible deformations of the
tester-frame, etc. Within its capacity, there are available load-cells with different full-scale ranges which may be chosen to select an appropriate
full-scale range for a special test. D76
case, n—in textiles, a shipping unit, usually a carton, box, bale, or other container holding a number of yarn packages. D2258
clamp, n—that part of a testing machine used to grip the specimen by means of suitable jaws. D76
cockles, n—in yarns, irregular, thick, uneven lumps. D2255
coefficient of friction, n—the ratio of the tangential force that is needed to maintain uniform relative motion between two
contacting surfaces to the perpendicular force holding them in contact. D3108, D3412
coefficient of variation unevenness, n—in textiles, the standard deviation of the linear densities over which unevenness is
measured expressed as a percentage of the average linear density for the total length within which unevenness is measured. (See
also unevenness and mean deviation unevenness.) D1425
cohesive force, n—in a textile strand, the force required to overcome fiber cohesion as the strand is being reduced in linear density.
DISCUSSION—
In dynamic tests, cohesive force is the force required to maintain drafting in a roving, silver, or top. In static tests, cohesive force is measured while
a test specimen is held in a fixed position between two slowly separating clamps. D2612, D4120
colorfastness, n—the resistance of a material to change in any of its color characteristics, to transfer its colorant(s) to adjacent
materials, or both, as the result of exposure of the material to any real or simulated environment that might be encountered during
processing, storage, use or testing of the material. D204
commercial allowance, n—an arbitrary value equal to the commercial moisture regain plus a specified allowance for finish, used
with the mass of scoured, oven-dried yarn, to compute (1) yarn linear density, (2) the commercial or legal mass of a shipment
or delivery of any specific textile material (see also commercial moisture regain) or (3) the mass of a specific component in
the analysis of fiber blends D1907, D2494
commercial mass, n—billed mass as determined by a generally accepted method or as agreed upon between the purchaser and
supplier.
DISCUSSION—
The basis for determining the commercial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured fibers is generally one of the following: (1) CAS Basis
(commercial allowance with scoured material)—the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring by definite prescribed methods plus the mass
corresponding to its commercial allowance, (2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scoured material)—the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn
D4849 − 13 (2018)
after scouring by definite prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercial moisture regain. (3) CMRU Basis (commercial regain with
unscoured material)—the mass of unscoured oven-dry fiber or yarn plus the mass corresponding to its commercial regain. (4) UN Basis (unadjusted
net)—the mass of the unscoured fiber or yarn with no adjustment for the amount of moisture or finish, or both. D2494
component, n—as used with textile fiber polymers, a polymer with distinguishable properties. D4466
cone, n—in textiles,(1) a yarn holder or bobbin of conical shape used as a core for a yarn package of conical form, also called a
cone core. (2) the yarn package obtained when yarn is wound upon a cone core. D2258
constant-rate-of-extension type tensile testing machine (CRE),n—in tensile testing, an apparatus in which the pulling clamp
moves at a uniform rate, and the force-measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance with increasing force, less than 0.13
mm (0.005 in.) D76
constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL),n—in tensile testing, an apparatus in which the rate of increase of the force
is uniform with time after the first 3 s and the specimen is free to elongate, this elongation dependent on the extension
characteristics of the specimen at any applied force. D76
constant-rate-of-traverse tensile testing machine (CR),n—a testing machine in which the pulling clamp moves at a uniform rate
and the force is applied through the other clamp which moves appreciably to actuate a force-measuring mechanism, producing
a rate of increase of force or extension that is usually not constant and is dependent upon the extension characteristics of the
specimen. D76
container, n—a receptacle designed to hold a material, or to give integrity to the material.
DISCUSSION—
The term container in textiles may include bales, cartons and other shipping containers. D3333
coefficient of variation (CV), n—a measure of the dispersion of observed values equal to the standard deviation for the values
divided by the average of the values; may be expressed as a percentage of the average (%CV). D6612
core-spun yarn, n—a compound structure in which a filament or strand serves as an axis around which a cover of either loose
fiber or a yarn is wound.
DISCUSSION—
(1) General—in yarn testing, when the core and cover in this type of compound structure need to be separated, for testing of either component, the
methods used
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