ASTM D3218-93
(Specification)Standard Specification for Polyolefin Monofilaments
Standard Specification for Polyolefin Monofilaments
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers polyolefin monofilament yarn materials, and test methods for standard polyolefin monofilaments. While designed primarily for testing standard polyolefin monofilaments, many of the procedures can be used, with little or no modification, for other polyolefin monofilaments. However, testing on non-standard polyolefin monofilaments should be conducted with caution. See 3.2.3 for a definition of standard polyolefin monofilament.
1.2 Only on condition that interlaboratory precision data are available for the specific procedure is any test method described, or referenced in this specification, recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of polyolefin monofilaments.
1.3 The specification for polyolefin raw materials appears in Section 4.
1.4 The test methods for individual properties appear in the following sections:PropertySectionBreaking Force10Breaking Tenacity10 Elongation10Gloss13 Hot Water Shrinkage14Initial Modulus10Polyolefin-Material Cleanliness17 Resistance to Ultraviolet Radiation15Stability to Thermal Oxidation16Tensile Properties 10Thickness12Width11 Yarn Number9
Note 1—In most instances, the suitability of these procedures for polymeric yarns in general, and polyolefin monofilaments in particular, is already accepted in commercial transactions (see 6.1).
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in English units are provided as information only and are not exact equivalents.
1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification: This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 3218 – 93
Standard Specification for
Polyolefin Monofilaments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3218; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
1.1 This specification covers polyolefin monofilament yarn
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
materials, and test methods for standard polyolefin monofila-
tions prior to use.
ments. While designed primarily for testing standard polyolefin
monofilaments, many of the procedures can be used, with little
2. Referenced Documents
or no modification, for other polyolefin monofilaments. How-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ever, testing on non-standard polyolefin monofilaments should
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
be conducted with caution. See 3.2.3 for a definition of
tiles
standard polyolefin monofilament.
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
1.2 Only on condition that interlaboratory precision data are
D 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
available for the specific procedure is any test method de-
lation
scribed, or referenced in this specification, recommended for
D 1248 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and
acceptance testing of commercial shipments of polyolefin
Extrusion Materials
monofilaments.
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
1.3 The specification for polyolefin raw materials appears in
D 1907 Test Method for Yarn Number by the Skein
Section 4.
Method
1.4 The test methods for individual properties appear in the
D 1921 Test Methods for Particle Size (Sieve Analysis) of
following sections:
Plastic Materials
Property Section
D 2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the
Breaking Force 10
Single-Strand Method
Breaking Tenacity 10
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
Elongation 10
D 2259 Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
Gloss 13
Heat Shrinkage 14
D 2565 Practice for Operating Xenon-Arc Type Light-
Initial Modulus 10
Exposure Apparatus With and Without Water for Exposure
Polyolefin-Material Cleanliness 17
of Plastics
Resistance to Ultraviolet Radiation 15
Stability to Thermal Oxidation 16
D 4101 Specification for Propylene Plastic Injection and
Tensile Properties 10
Extrusion Materials
Thickness 9
E 203 Test Method for Water Using Karl Fischer Reagent
Width 11
Yarn Number 12
G 23 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus
(Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure
NOTE 1—In most instances, the suitability of these procedures for
polymeric yarns in general, and polyolefin monofilaments in particular, is of Nonmetallic Materials
already accepted in commercial transactions (see 6.1).
G 26 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus
(Xenon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
of Nonmetallic Materials
standard; the values in English units are provided as informa-
2.2 Other Documents:
tion only and are not exact equivalents.
Federal Test Method Standard No. 141a, Sept. 1, 1965,
1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
Section 6000, Method 6101 “60-Degree Specular Gloss”
test methods described in this specification: This standard may
involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This
standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
1 5
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn Test Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.
Methods, General. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Current edition approved July 15, 1993. Published September 1993. Originally Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
published as D 3218 – 73 T. Last previous edition D 3218 – 87. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 3218
Technical Report 24— “A Rapid Method for the Determi- 3.2.2 stability to thermal oxidation, n—for polyolefin
nation of Moisture in Pigmented Polyethylene Coating monofilaments, the time-to-failure, when polyolefin monofila-
Materials,” Eastman Chemical Products Inc. ments are exposed to circulating air at 125°C.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The failure criterion for thermal oxida-
3. Terminology
tive stability is the mechanical breakdown described in Section
3.1 Definitions: 16.
3.2.3 standard polyolefin monofilament, n—as used in this
3.1.1 breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to
material carried to rupture. specification, a flat polyolefin strand, approximately 0.05 mm
(2 mils) thick by 2.5 mm (100 mils) wide and oriented with a
3.1.2 breaking tenacity, n—the tenacity at the breaking
force. draw ratio between 5:1 and 7:1.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—The strand is produced through slitting
3.1.3 draw ratio (DR), n—the relation of the final length per
unit mass to original length per unit mass of a material an extruded polyolefin film, and when drawn or in use does not
fibrillate into (essentially) reticulate multifilaments.
resulting from drawing.
3.1.4 drawing, n—in textile processing, the process of 3.2.4 tape yarn, n—yarn of a flat, tape-like character pro-
duced by slitting an extruded film.
stretching or attenuating a material to increase the length per
unit mass.
SPECIFICATIONS
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Drawing orients the molecular chains
in the length direction of the monofilament.
4. Polyolefin-Monofilament Raw Materials
3.1.5 elongation at break, n—the elongation corresponding
4.1 Polyolefin Monofilaments shall be made from either
to the breaking force.
polypropylene as specified in 4.2, or polyethylene as specified
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Elongation is expressed as a percent-
in 4.3.
age of the length of the original specimen.
4.2 Polypropylene shall meet the requirements for Group 1
3.1.6 gloss, n—the luminous fractional reflectance of a
or 2, as detailed in Specification D 4101.
material in the specular direction. (Syn. specular gloss)
4.3 Polyethylene shall have a density higher than 940 kg/m
3.1.7 heat shrinkage, n—a decrease in one or more dimen-
and shall meet the requirements for polyethylene plastics, as
sions of an object or material exposed to heat.
detailed in Specification D 1248.
3.1.8 initial modulus, n—the slope of the initial straight
4.4 Flow Rate of the polyolefin materials shall be agreed
portion of a stress-strain or force-elongation curve.
upon by the purchaser and the supplier, and shall be determined
3.1.9 monofilament, n—a single filament which can func-
as directed in either Specification D 1248 or D 2146, which-
tion as a yarn in commercial textile operations, that is, it must
ever is applicable.
be strong and flexible enough to be woven, knitted or braided,
4.5 Particle Size—Shipments of polyolefin raw materials
etc.
may be rated for particle size. When specified, particle size
3.1.9.1 Discussion—(1) When a monofilament is drawn or
shall be determined by the multi-sieve analysis described in
in use, it does not fibrillate into (essentially) reticulate mul-
Method A of Test Methods D 1921.
tifilaments. (2) A flat polyolefin monofilament can be called a
4.6 Polyolefin-Material Cleanliness—Although resin clean-
tape yarn.
liness is not a structural or chemical characteristic, shipments
3.1.10 polyolefin, n—any long-chain synthetic polymer
may be advisable to rate shipments for the amount of foreign
composed of at least 85 wt % of ethylene, propylene, or other
matter in, or on, delivered polyolefin raw materials.
olefin units (monomers), except amorphous (noncrystalline)
4.6.1 When specified, polyolefin-material cleanliness shall
polyolefin qualifying under Rubber 1, as defined by the Federal
be determined by the procedure described in Section 17 of this
Trade Commission. (Syn. olefin)
specification.
3.1.10.1 Discussion—The generic term olefin has been
4.7 Moisture Content—Some monofilament-extrusion pro-
adopted by the Federal Trade Commission in place of the
cesses may be sensitive to slight amounts of moisture, inher-
technically correct term polyolefin.
ently or otherwise present in the polyolefin raw material. In
3.1.11 resistance to ultraviolet radiation, n—the time to
such cases, shipments may be rated for moisture content.
failure of yarns exposed to xenon-arc weathering.
4.7.1 Superficial Moisture Content of polyolefin materials,
3.1.11.1 Discussion—In polyolefin tape yarns, the failure
when specified, shall be determined in accordance with the
criterion for resistance to ultraviolet radiation is the loss of
Procedure for Insoluble Solids in Test Method E 203.
50 % of the original breaking tenacity.
4.7.2 Total Moisture Content, when specified, shall be
3.1.12 For definitions of other textile terms used in this
determined in accordance with a method to be agreed upon
specification, refer to Terminology D 123.
between the purchaser and the supplier. The technique illus-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
trated in Eastman Technical Report 24, based on gas chro-
3.2.1 polyolefin-material cleanliness, n—the degree to
matography of vaporized moisture, is an acceptable analytical
which a polymer melt is free of filterable particles which
approach.
remain insoluble in the melt under the specified test condition.
The Gardner Automatic Photometer Unit, Model AUX-3, available from
Available from Eastman Chemical Products, Inc., Subsidiary of Eastman Gardner Laboratory, Inc., P. O. Box 5728 (5221 Landy Lane), Bethesda, MD 20014,
Kodak Co., P. O. Box 431, Kingsport, TN 37662. or its equivalent, has been found satisfactory for this method.
D 3218
TEST METHODS Section 9 of Specification D 3218. Describe the material or
product sampled and the method of sampling used.
5. Summary
9.2.2 Report the direct yarn number in tex, or in denier.
5.1 Summaries of the various testing procedures are in-
10. Tensile Properties
cluded in the referenced test methods, or in pertinent sections
of this specification.
10.1 Apparatus—Tensile testing machine of a type as speci-
fied in Test Method D 2256. All types of tensile machines
6. Significance and Use
described in Test Method D 2256 are adequate to test polyole-
6.1 Acceptance Testing—The test methods in Specification
fin monofilaments with a draw ratio between 5:1 and 7:1.
D 3218 for the determination of the properties of polyolefin
Polyolefin monofilaments with draw ratios outside this range
monofilaments are considered satisfactory for acceptance test-
cannot be tested with assurance of correct results, by all tensile
ing of commercial shipments of polyolefin monofilaments,
machines specified in Test Method D 2256.
unless specified in the individual test method. These test
10.2 Procedure—Determine the breaking force, the break-
methods are the best available and are used extensively in the
ing tenacity, and the elongation of adequately conditioned
trade.
polyolefin monofilaments, using configuration A, condition 1
6.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in
of Test Method D 2256.
reported test results when using Specification D 3218 for
10.3 Report:
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
10.3.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
Section 10 of Specification D 3218. Describe the material or
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
product sampled and the method of sampling used.
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
10.3.2 Report the following information for each laboratory
bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
sampling unit and for the lot:
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
10.3.2.1 Breaking force,
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
10.3.2.2 Breaking tenacity,
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
10.3.2.3 Elongation at break, as a percentage of the nominal
to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
gage length, and
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
10.3.2.4 Initial modulus.
unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
11. Width
two parties before the testing begins. If a bias is found, either
its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
11.1 Scope—This test method covers the measurement of
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of
the width of polyolefin monofilaments, by means of a cali-
the known bias.
brated microscope.
11.2 Summary of Test Method—A specimen is placed on the
7. Sampling and Number of Specimens
microscope stage and is viewed under a magnification of 253.
7.1 Take samples as directed in the applicable material
The width of the specimen is measured using a reticle scaled
specification, or as agreed upon by the purchaser and the seller.
eyepiece or filar micrometer eyepiece.
In the absence of an applicable material specification, or other
11.3 Apparatus:
agreement, take a lot sample and laboratory samples as
11.3.1 Microscope designed for a magnification of 253.
directed in Practice D 2258.
With an eyepiece having a calibrated linear grid.
11.4 Calibration of Apparatus—Adjust the microscope, to
NOTE 2—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
secure the design magnification of 253, and measure the total
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account variability between
shipping units, between packages, or ends within a shipping unit, and eyepiece scale using a stage micrometer, graduated in mi-
between specimens from a single package so as to provide a sampling plan
crometers or mils. Calculate the conversion factor, F,to
with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality
convert the eyepiece units to mils, using Eq 1:
level, and limiting quality level.
F 5 M/N (1)
7.2 The required number of specimens is covered in the
referenced methods, or in the pertinent sections. where:
M 5 stage micrometer readings, in micrometers (mils), and
8. Conditioning
N 5 corresponding number of units in the eyepiece grid.
11.5 Procedure:
8.1 Expose the specimens in the standard atmosphere for
11.5.1 Adjust the microscop
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