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ASTM D3037-93

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Carbon Black—Surface Area by Nitrogen Adsorption (Withdrawn 1999)

Standard Test Methods for Carbon Black—Surface Area by Nitrogen Adsorption (Withdrawn 1999)

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the surface area of carbon blacks. The test methods appear in the following order: SectionsTest Method A—Surface Area by Ni-Count-1 Apparatus9-14Test Method B—Surface Area by Model 2200 Automatic Automatic Surface Area Analyzer15-20Test Method C—Surface Area by Continuous Flow Chromatography21-27Test Method D—Surface Area by Monosorb Surface Area Analyzer28-35
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 Goal values for the standard reference blacks were determined by using Test Methods D4820.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statement, see Note 3.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
14-Mar-1993
Withdrawal Date
09-Feb-1999
Technical Committee
D24 - Carbon Black
Drafting Committee
D24.21 - Carbon Black Surface Area and Related Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D3037-93 - Standard Test Methods for Carbon Black—Surface Area by Nitrogen Adsorption (Withdrawn 1999)ASTM D3037-93 - Standard Test Methods for Carbon Black—Surface Area by Nitrogen Adsorption (Withdrawn 1999)
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ASTM D3037-93 - Standard Test Methods for Carbon Black—Surface Area by Nitrogen Adsorption (Withdrawn 1999)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D3037–93
Standard Test Methods for
Carbon Black—Surface Area By Nitrogen Adsorption
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3037; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D4483 Practice for Determining Precision forTest Method
Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Industries
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
D4820 Test Methods for Carbon Black—Surface Area by
surface area of carbon blacks. The test methods appear in the
Multipoint B.E.T. Nitrogen Adsorption
following order:
Sections
3. Significance and Use
Test Method A—Surface Area by Ni-Count-1 Apparatus 9-14
3.1 These test methods are used to measure the surface area
Test Method B—Surface Area by Model 2200 Automatic 15-20
of carbon black that is available to the nitrogen molecule.
Surface Area Analyzer
Test Method C—Surface Area by Continuous Flow Chro- 21-27
4. Reagents
matography
Test Method D—Surface Area by Monosorb Surface Area 28-35
4.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
Analyzer
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
tee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society,
only.
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
1.3 Goal values for the standard reference blacks were
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
determined by using Test Methods D4820.
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
accuracy of the determination.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 Purity of Water—Unlessotherwiseindicated,references
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
towatershallbeunderstoodtomeandistilledwaterorwaterof
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
equal purity.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
5. ASTM D-24 Standard Reference Blacks
precautionary statement, see Note 3.
5.1 The apparatus shall be checked initially for correct
2. Referenced Documents
calibration by testing the ASTM D-24 Standard Reference
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Blacks. These blacks shall be tested regularly, along with
D1799 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Packaged
sample blacks, as described inTest MethodsAthrough D.The
Shipments
standardvalueandrangeforeachofthestandardblacks,when
D1900 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Bulk Ship-
tested by these test methods, is given in Practice D3324.
ments
5.1.1 InTestMethodsAthroughD,allsamplesandstandard
D3324 Practice for Carbon Black—Improving Test Repro-
blacks shall be dried for1hat 125°C before weighing. Cool
ducibility Using ASTM Reference Blacks
and keep blacks in a well-maintained desiccator before taking
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-24 on
Carbon Black and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.21 on “ReagentChemicals,AmericanChemicalSocietySpecifications,”Am.Chemi-
Adsorptive Properties of Carbon Black. cal Soc., Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by
Current edition approved March 15, 1993. Published May 1993. Originally theAmericanChemicalSociety,see“ReagentChemicalsandStandards,”byJoseph
published as D3037–71T. Last previous edition D3037–92a. Rosin, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, NY, and the “United States
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01. Pharmacopeia.”
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D3037–93
the weight. This precaution will minimize inaccuracies due to 7.5.2 Reproducibility—The reproducibility, (R), of the ni-
adsorbed water and other materials. trogen surface area adsorption has been established as 4.59%.
Twosingletestresults(ordeterminations)producedinseparate
6. Sampling
laboratoriesthatdifferbymorethan4.59%mustbeconsidered
as suspect and dictates that appropriate investigation or
6.1 Samples shall be taken in accordance with Practice
technical/commercial actions be taken.
D1799 or D1900.
7.6 Bias—In test method terminology, bias is the difference
7. Precision and Bias between an average test value and the reference (true) test
property value. Reference values do not exist for these test
7.1 Thisprecisionandbiashasbeenpreparedinaccordance
methods since the value or level of the test property is
with Practice D4483. Refer to this practice for terminology
exclusively defined by these test methods. Bias, therefore,
and other statistical details.
cannot be determined.
7.2 The precision results in this precision and bias give an
estimate of the precision as described below. The precision
8. Keywords
parameters should not be used for acceptance/rejection testing
8.1 carbon black; continuous flow chromatography; sur-
of any group of materials without documentation stating that
face area analyzer; surface area by nitrogen absorption
theyareapplicabletothoseparticularmaterialsandthespecific
testing protocols that include this test method.
TEST METHOD A—SURFACE AREA BY
7.3 A Type 1 interlaboratory precision program was con-
NI-COUNT-1 APPARATUS
ducted. Both repeatability and reproducibility represent short
term testing conditions. Six laboratories tested the six standard
9. Apparatus
reference blacks (A4 to F4) twice on each of two different
9.1 Ni-Count-1 Specific Surface Area Apparatus (Fig. 1,
days. Therefore, p=6, q =6, and n =4. A test result is the
value obtained from a single determination.Acceptable differ- Fig. 2, and Fig. 3), or an equivalent one-point adsorption
apparatus. (See Fig. 4 for installation diagram.)
ence values were not measured.
7.4 The results of the precision calculations are given in 9.2 Heater and Voltage Control Device, to maintain a
temperature of 300 6 10°C for degassing the samples. The
Table 1 with the materials arranged in ascending mean level
order of the surface area by nitrogen adsorption. heater (Fig. 1) is furnished with the Ni-Count-1 apparatus.
9.3 Vacuum Pump, capable of ultimate pressure of 1.3 Pa
7.5 The precision for the pooled values for surface area by
−2
nitrogen adsorption may be expressed as follows: (1 310 mm Hg abs).
9.4 Dewar Flask,265-cm capacity,approximately145mm
7.5.1 Repeatability—The repeatability, (r), of the nitrogen
surface area adsorption has been established as 1.62%. Two high (supplied with the Ni-Count-1 apparatus).
9.5 Nitrogen Vapor Pressure Thermometer, a part of the
single test results (or determinations) that differ by more than
Ni-Count-1 apparatus (Fig. 2).
1.62% must be considered suspect and dictates that some
9.6 Sample Tubes (Fig. 5).
appropriate investigative action be taken.
The Ni-Count-1 is developed by Phillips Petroleum Co. and is available from
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:
Chandler Engineering Co., 7707 E. 38th St., Tulsa, OK.
D24–1021.
A
TABLE 1 Precision Values—Type 1
NOTE 1—Symbols are defined as follows:
Sr =within laboratory standard deviation,
r =repeatability, measurement units
(r) =repeatability,%
SR =between laboratory standard deviation,
R =reproducibility, measurement units
(R) =repeatability, %
B B
Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Mean Level,
Material
3 2 2
10 m /kg (m /g)
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
D-4 (N 762) 24.31 0.123 0.349 1.452 0.343 0.971 4.046
E-4 (N 660) 34.85 0.270 0.764 2.193 0.579 1.638 4.700
F-4 (N 683) 38.62 0.205 0.580 1.502 0.707 2.000 5.180
B-4 (N 330) 75.40 0.529 1.498 1.997 0.770 2.180 2.906
A-4 (N 326) 77.83 0.263 0.744 0.956 0.586 1.660 2.133
C-4 (N 121) 126.61 0.547 1.549 1.223 2.091 5.917 4.673
Pooled or Aver- 62.94 0.36 1.02 1.62 1.02 2.89 4.59
aged Values
A
This is short-term precision (days) where: p=6, q = 6, and n=4.
B
Report repeatability and reproducibility in percent.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D3037–93
FIG. 1 Ni-Count-1 Apparatus with Provision for Four Samples
FIG. 2 Nitrogen Thermometer
9.7 Stopcock Grease, or polychlorotrifluoroethylene lubri- 9.9 Fine Glass Wool.
cant, supplied with Ni-Count-1 apparatus. 9.10 Convection Oven, capable of maintaining 125 6 5°C.
9.8 Analytical Balance, with 0.1-mg sensitivity. 9.11 Desiccator.
9.12 Supply of small flat-bottom vials for drying blacks.
10. Reagents
Spectro-Vac Stopcock Grease, Type 2, available from Robert R.Austin, Ph.D.,
P. O. Box 5374, Pasadena, CA 91107, has been found satisfactory. 10.1 Liquid Nitrogen, approximately 300 cm /sample.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D3037–93
FIG. 3 Ni-Count-1 Apparatus
FIG. 4 Installation of the Surface Area Apparatus
10.2 Nitrogen Gas, cylinder or other source of prepurified lines to the sample valve, and the volume in the bellows of the
nitrogen gas.
pressure gage so positioned that the gage indicates 66.7 kPa
(500 mm Hg abs pressure). The tables of surface area versus
11. Preparation and Calibration of Apparatus
pressure furnished with the Ni-Count-1 will yield accurate
specific surface areas, if the internal volume of the instrument
11.1 The all metal Ni-Count-1 apparatus has an adjusted
3 3
internalvolumeof139.5cm .Thisinternalvolumeincludesall has been accurately adjusted at the factory to 139.5 cm .
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D3037–93
ReferenceBlack(onewhichisareasonablesurfaceareamatch
for the sample blacks to be run). Proceed in accordance with
instructions, skipping 12.1.1 and substituting the word “stan-
dard” for the word “sample” in 12.2-14.1.2.
12.1.1 Using the data in Table 2 as a guide, select a sample
tube and fill it with the suggested mass of pre-dried black. If
the identity of the black is not known, make a preliminary run
to determine the mass of black to give an adsorption pressure
between 20.0 and 33.3 kPa (150 and 250 mm Hg abs).
12.2 Prepare a tuft of glass wool of suitable size to support
the filler tube in the sample tube stem. Record the mass to 0.1
mg.
12.3 Prepareacleandrysampletubewithitsfillerandglass
wool tuft. Record the mass to 0.1 mg.
12.4 Roughly weigh the amount of sample to be placed in
the sample tube. (This mass will not be used.)
12.5 Placethesampleinthetube,introducethetuftofglass
wool, and shove in the filler rod to its proper position.
12.6 Lubricate the ball joint of the sample tube sparingly
with high-vacuum grease, taking care not to place lubricant
inside the stem. Wring the sample tube ball into the mating
metal receptacle on the Ni-Count-1 apparatus and retain the
sample tube in place with the metal spring clip.
12.7 Start the evacuation of the sample tube and raise the
heater into place around the tube.
12.8 Several times during the evacuation, purge the sample
FIG. 5 Loading Funnel and Glass Sample Tube
momentarily with the nitrogen gas.
12.9 Close the vacuum valve and observe the leak detector
Checking the ASTM D-24 Standard Reference Blacks, pre-
to determine whether gases are still evolving from the sample.
sentedinPracticeD3324,isanessentialsteptoconfirminitial
When the sample is properly degassed, the leak indicator
instrument calibration and is required each time a set of
should not show a change of pressure greater than 0.1 kPa (1
samples is to be run, as described in Section 12.
mm Hg) in 5 min.
11.2 TheNi-Count-1apparatusshouldbepreparedasspeci-
12.10 Isolate the degassed sample from the vacuum mani-
fied in the instructions furnished with the apparatus. This
fold by closing the valve. Remove the heater.
includes filling the vapor pressure thermometer with prepuri-
12.11 Fill the purged reservoir, gage, and manifold with
fiednitrogengas,evacuatingthecaseofthelargepressuregage
nitrogengasto66.6kPa(500mmHgabspressure),iftheroom
and closing the case valve, flushing the reservoir and vacuum
temperature is 27°C. If the room temperature is not 27°C, add
manifolds with nitrogen several times until any air is elimi-
0.222 kPa (1.67 mm Hg) pressure for each degree C above
nated, and setting the voltage on the heaters to maintain a
27°C.Subtractthecorrectionifthetemperatureisbelow27°C.
temperatureof300 610°Casmeasuredwithathermometerin
12.12 Open the valve to the sample tube from the reservoir
the heater well.
and gage.
12.13 Place the Dewar flask filled with liquid nitrogen
12. Procedure
around the sample tube.
12.1 In order to standardize results, use the data in Table 2
12.14 Permit the adsorption to proceed until the pressure
as a guide, select a sample tube, and place in it the suggested
becomes constant. Observe and record the pressure to the
weight of the appropriate pre-dried (see 5.2) D-24 Standard
nearest 1 mm Hg (see 12.9).
12.15 Lower the Dewar flask of liquid nitrogen away from
TABLE 2 Recommended Sample Tube Volumes and Sample
the sample tube and place it around the sensing element of the
Masses for Common Grades of Pressed and Pelleted Carbon
nitrogen thermometer.
Blacks
12.16 Observe the pressure gage on the nitrogen thermom-
Approximate
Tube Volume
ASTM Sample
Surface
eter and record the pressure to the nearest 0.1 kPa (1 mm Hg).
Series No. Mass, g
3 3
Pressed, cm Pelleted, cm
Area, m /g
12.17 Allow the sample tube to warm up above the tem-
N-900 20to6 15to30 10to25 10to15
perature of water vapor condensation on the tube. A heat gun
N-600 30 22 11 5.3
may be used to hasten the warming process.
N-500 44 18 9 3.6
N-300 80 10 5.5 2.0
12.18 Add nitrogen gas to the reservoir and sample tube
N-200 110 7.5 4.5 1.5
until the pressure gage reads approximately 1.3 kPa (10 mm
N-100 140 5.0 3.5 1.1
Hg) above the barometric pressure.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a n
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4.1 The force required to separate a metallic coating from its plastic substrate is determined by the interaction of several factors: the generic type and quality of the plastic molding compound, the molding process, the process used to prepare the substrate for electroplating, and the thickness and mechanical properties of the metallic coating. By holding all others constant, the effect on the peel strength by a change in any one of the above listed factors may be noted. Routine use of the test in a production operation can detect changes in any of the above listed factors.  
4.2 The peel test values do not directly correlate to the adhesion of metallic coatings on the actual product.  
4.3 When the peel test is used to monitor the coating process, a large number of plaques should be molded at one time from a same batch of molding compound used in the production moldings to minimize the effects on the measurements of variations in the plastic and the molding process.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method gives two procedures for measuring the force required to peel a metallic coating from a plastic substrate.2 One procedure (Procedure A) utilizes a universal testing machine and yields reproducible measurements that can be used in research and development, in quality control and product acceptance, in the description of material and process characteristics, and in communications. The other procedure (Procedure B) utilizes an indicating force instrument that is less accurate and that is sensitive to operator technique. It is suitable for process control use.  
1.2 The tests are performed on standard molded plaques. This method does not cover the testing of production electroplated parts.  
1.3 The tests do not necessarily measure the adhesion of a metallic coating to a plastic substrate because in properly prepared test specimens, separation usually occurs in the plastic just beneath the coating-substrate interface rather than at the interface. It does, however, reflect the degree that the process is controlled.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D187-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Burning Quality of Kerosene

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Since the information provided by this test method is largely qualitative in nature, specific limits covering the following characteristics are required in referring to this test method in specifications for kerosene:  
5.1.1 Duration of the test: 16 h is understood, if not otherwise specified;  
5.1.2 Permissible change in flame shape and dimensions during the test;  
5.1.3 Description of the acceptable appearance of the chimney deposit.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the qualitative determination of the burning properties of kerosene to be used for illuminating purposes. (Warning—Combustible. Vapor harmful.)
Note 1: The corresponding Energy Institute (IP) test method is IP 10 which features a quantitative evaluation of the wick-char-forming tendencies of the kerosene, whereas Test Method D187 features a qualitative performance evaluation of the kerosene. Both test methods subject the kerosene to somewhat more severe operating conditions than would be experienced in typical designated applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements appear throughout the test method.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6356/D6356M-98(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Gas Generation of Aluminum Emulsified Asphalt Used as a Protective Coating for Roofing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This procedure measures the amount of hydrogen gas generation potential of aluminized emulsion roof coating. There is the possibility of water reacting with aluminum pigment to generate hydrogen gas. This situation is to be avoided, so this test was designed to evaluate coating formulations and assess the propensity to gassing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a hydrogen gas and stability test for aluminum emulsified asphalt coatings.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2170/D2170M-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The kinematic viscosity characterizes flow behavior. The method is used to determine the consistency of liquid asphalt as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply. The specifications are usually at temperatures of 60 and 135 °C.
Note 3: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of kinematic viscosity of liquid asphalts, road oils, and distillation residues of liquid asphalts all at 60 °C [140 °F] and of liquid asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] (see table notes, 11.1) in the range from 6 to 100 000 mm2/s [cSt].  
1.2 Results of this test method can be used to calculate viscosity when the density of the test material at the test temperature is known or can be determined. See Annex A1 for the method of calculation.  
Note 1: This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures and at lower kinematic viscosities, but the precision is based on determinations on liquid asphalts and road oils at 60 °C [140 °F] and on asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] only in the viscosity range from 30 to 6000 mm2/s [cSt].
Note 2: Modified asphalt binders or asphalt binders that have been conditioned or recovered are typically non-Newtonian under the conditions of this test. The viscosity determined from this method is under the assumption that asphalt binders behave as Newtonian fluids under the conditions of this test. When the flow is non-Newtonian in a capillary tube, the shear rate determined by this method may be invalid. The presence of non-Newtonian behavior for the test conditions can be verified by measuring the viscosity with viscometers having different-sized capillary tubes. The defined precision limits in 11.1 may not be applicable to non-Newtonian asphalt binders.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior ...

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ASTM
ASTM C480/C480M-16(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexure Creep of Sandwich Constructions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of the creep rate provides information on the behavior of sandwich constructions under constant applied force. Creep is defined as deflection under constant force over a period of time beyond the initial deformation as a result of the application of the force. Deflection data obtained from this test method can be plotted against time, and a creep rate determined. By using standard specimen constructions and constant loading, the test method may also be used to evaluate creep behavior of sandwich panel core-to-facing adhesives.  
5.2 This test method provides a standard method of obtaining flexure creep of sandwich constructions for quality control, acceptance specification testing, and research and development.  
5.3 Factors that influence the sandwich construction creep response and shall therefore be reported include the following: facing material, core material, adhesive material, methods of material fabrication, facing stacking sequence and overall thickness, core geometry (cell size), core density, core thickness, adhesive thickness, specimen geometry, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, loading procedure, speed of testing, facing void content, adhesive void content, and facing volume percent reinforcement. Further, facing and core-to-facing strength and creep response may be different between precured/bonded and co-cured facesheets of the same material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the creep characteristics and creep rate of flat sandwich constructions loaded in flexure, at any desired temperature. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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