ASTM D1578-93(2016)

Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1578 for testing any spun yarn for breaking strength is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the method has been used extensively in the trade.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1578 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is not suitable for yarns that stretch more than 5 % when the force is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier, because (a ) they require special precautions as to tension in reeling, and (b) users of such yarns are more interested in their elastic behavior at low forces than in their ultimate breaking strength.  
5.3 For Option 1, it is advisable to use a tensile testing machine of the proper capacity to break skeins with 80 turns. If it is necessary to break skeins having only 40 or 20 turns, convert the observed results to an 80-turn basis by multiplying by factors of 2 or 4, respectively. (The available literature does not show that any significant error is introduced by the use of these factors.)  
5.4 The circumference of the skei...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenacity and to skein break factor.
Note 1: For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D2256.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun yarns, either single or plied, composed of any fiber or blend of fibers, but is not suitable for yarns which stretch more than 5 % when the tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier.  
1.3 This test method provides three options based on the perimeter of the reel, the number of wraps in the skein, and the machine speed or time-to-break.  
1.3.1 Option 1—Eighty, forty, or twenty turns on a 1.50-m or 1.5-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.  
1.3.2 Option 2—Fifty turns on a 1.00-m or 1-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.  
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1-m reel, broken in 20 s.  
Note 2: Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the International Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
Note 3: Metric reels are available with 1 and 1.125-m circumferences. Data from the two reels will be about 1 % different (see 5.6). ISO uses a 1-m circumference reel.  
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins. Special precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.  
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all requirements in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are exact values.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriat...

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2015
• ICS: 59.080.50 - Ropes
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1578 − 93 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
1
Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1578; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the break-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ing strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking
strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are
2. Referenced Documents
provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenac-
2
ity and to skein break factor. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
NOTE 1—For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D2256.
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun yarns, either
D1907Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
single or plied, composed of any fiber or blend of fibers, but is
ber) by the Skein Method
not suitable for yarns which stretch more than 5% when the
D2256Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the
tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08
Single-Strand Method
gf/denier.
D2258Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.3 This test method provides three options based on the
D2904Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
perimeterofthereel,thenumberofwrapsintheskein,andthe
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
3
machine speed or time-to-break.
drawn 2008)
1.3.1 Option 1—Eighty, forty, or twenty turns on a 1.50-m D4849Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
or 1.5-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
1.3.2 Option 2—Fiftyturnsona1.00-mor1-ydreel,broken 3. Terminology
at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
3.1 Definitions:
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1-m reel, broken in 20 s.
3.1.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test
method: breaking force, force, skein break factor, skein, skein
NOTE 2—Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is
used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the Interna-
breaking tenacity, skein strength, strength, refer to Terminol-
tional Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
ogy D4849.
NOTE3—Metricreelsareavailablewith1and1.125-mcircumferences.
3.1.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
Data from the two reels will be about 1% different (see 5.6). ISO uses a
method, refer to Terminology D123.
1-m circumference reel.
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the
4. Summary of Test Method
determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins.
4.1 A skein of yarn, prepared by winding the prescribed
Special precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.
number of turns on a reel, is broken on a tensile testing
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all require-
machine.
ments in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are
NOTE 4—If the yarn number is also required for the determination of
exact values.
skein breaking tenacity or break factor, the broken skein may be weighed
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and the yarn number calculated as directed in Test Method D1907.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D1578– 93(2011). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D1578-93R16. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1578 − 93 (2016)
5. Significance and Use specimens, this method provides a useful index that combines
the effects of unevenness and single strand strength.
5.1 Test Method D1578 for testing any spu
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1578 − 93 (Reapproved 2011) D1578 − 93 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
1
Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1578; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking strength
is expressed in units of force, and equations are provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenacity and to skein break
factor.
NOTE 1—For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D2256.
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun yarns, either single or plied, composed of any fiber or blend of fibers, but is not
suitable for yarns which stretch more than 5 % when the tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier.
1.3 This test method provides three options based on the perimeter of the reel, the number of wraps in the skein, and the machine
speed or time-to-break.
1.3.1 Option 1—Eighty, forty, or twenty turns on a 1.50-m or 1.5-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
1.3.2 Option 2—Fifty turns on a 1.00-m or 1-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1-m reel, broken in 20 s.
NOTE 2—Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the International
Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
NOTE 3—Metric reels are available with 1 and 1.125-m circumferences. Data from the two reels will be about 1 % different (see 5.6). ISO uses a 1-m
circumference reel.
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins. Special
precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all requirements in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are exact
values.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
D2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
3
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (Withdrawn 2008)
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved May 1, 2011Jan. 1, 2016. Published June 2011February 2016. Originally approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 as
ε1
D1578– 93(2006)93(2011). . DOI: 10.1520/D1578-93R11.10.1520/D1578-93R16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1578 − 93 (2016)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method: breaking force, force, skein break factor, skein, skein breaking
tenacity, skein strength, strength, refer to Terminology D4849.
3.1.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A skein of yarn, prepared by winding the prescribed number of turns on a reel, is broken on a tensile t
...