ASTM D1578-93(2022)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1578 for testing any spun yarn for breaking strength is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the method has been used extensively in the trade.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1578 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
5.2 This test method is not suitable for yarns that stretch more than 5 % when the force is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier, because (a ) they require special precautions as to tension in reeling, and (b) users of such yarns are more interested in their elastic behavior at low forces than in their ultimate breaking strength.
5.3 For Option 1, it is advisable to use a tensile testing machine of the proper capacity to break skeins with 80 turns. If it is necessary to break skeins having only 40 or 20 turns, convert the observed results to an 80-turn basis by multiplying by factors of 2 or 4, respectively. (The available literature does not show that any significant error is introduced by the use of these factors.)
5.4 The circumference of the skei...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenacity and to skein break factor.
Note 1: For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D2256.
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun yarns, either single or plied, composed of any fiber or blend of fibers, but is not suitable for yarns which stretch more than 5 % when the tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier.
1.3 This test method provides three options based on the perimeter of the reel, the number of wraps in the skein, and the machine speed or time-to-break.
1.3.1 Option 1—Eighty, forty, or twenty turns on a 1.50 m or 1.5-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
1.3.2 Option 2—Fifty turns on a 1.00 m or 1-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1 m reel, broken in 20 s.
Note 2: Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the International Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
Note 3: Metric reels are available with 1 and 1.125 m circumferences. Data from the two reels will be about 1 % different (see 5.6). ISO uses a 1 m circumference reel.
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins. Special precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all requirements in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are exact values.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriat...
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1578 − 93 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein Form
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1578; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the break-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ing strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking
strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenac- dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ity and to skein break factor.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NOTE 1—For the determination of the breaking strength and elongation
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
of yarn by the single strand method, refer to Test Method D2256.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 This test method is applicable to spun yarns, either
single or plied, composed of any fiber or blend of fibers, but is
2. Referenced Documents
not suitable for yarns which stretch more than 5% when the
tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08
2.1 ASTM Standards:
gf/denier.
D76Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
1.3 This test method provides three options based on the
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
perimeterofthereel,thenumberofwrapsintheskein,andthe
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
machine speed or time-to-break.
D1907Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
1.3.1 Option 1—Eighty,forty,ortwentyturnsona1.50mor
ber) by the Skein Method
1.5-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
D2256Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the
1.3.2 Option 2—Fiftyturnsona1.00mor1-ydreel,broken
Single-Strand Method
at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.
D2258Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns ona1m reel, broken in 20 s.
D2904Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
NOTE 2—Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is
used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the Interna-
drawn 2008)
tional Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
D4849Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
NOTE3—Metricreelsareavailablewith1and1.125mcircumferences.
Data from the two reels will be about 1% different (see 5.6). ISO uses a
1 m circumference reel. 3. Terminology
1.4 This test method is frequently combined with the
3.1 Definitions:
determination of linear density carried out on the same skeins.
3.1.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test
Special precautions for reeling such skeins are noted.
method: breaking force, force, skein break factor, skein, skein
1.5 Where appropriate, this test method states all require-
breaking tenacity, skein strength, strength, refer to Terminol-
ments in SI units. The traditional units are inch-pound and are
ogy D4849.
exact values.
3.1.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the method, refer to Terminology D123.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published March 2022. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D1578– 93(2016). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D1578-93R22. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1578 − 93 (2022)
4. Summary of Test Method 5.6 The results obtained from different options are not fully
comparable because the breaking force per wrap increases
4.1 A skein of yarn, prepared by winding the prescribed
slightly as the perimeter of the skein is reduced. The skein
number of turns on a reel, is broken on a tensile testing
breaking tenacity observed for 1 m skeins may be as much as
machine.
4% higher, and from 1-yd skeins 5% higher, than that
NOTE 4—If the yarn number is also required for the determination of
observed for 1.5-yd skeins. These relationships may vary with
skein breaking tenacity or break factor, the broken skein may be weighed
the type of yarn or with yarn unevenness and should not be
and the yarn number calculated as directed in Test Method D1907.
used as conversion factors. With a reasonable number of
specimens, this method provides a useful index that combines
5. Significance and Use
the effects of unevenness and single strand strength.
5.1 Test Method D1578 for testing any spun yarn for
5.7 This method is rarely, if ever, used for filament yarns
breaking strength is considered satisfactory for acceptance
because their uniformity makes it possible to obtain reliable
testing of commercial shipments since the method has been
results economically by the single-strand method.
used extensively in the trade.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
6. Apparatus
reported test results when using Test Method D1578 for
6.1 Reel—Ahandormotor-drivenreelhavingaperimeterof
acceptancetestingofcommercialshipments,thepurchaserand
1.50 m or 1.5 yd for Option 1, 1.0 m or 1 yd for Option 2 (see
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
Note 3), or 1 m for Option 3. The reel shall be fitted with a
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
traversing mechanism that will minimize bunching the yarn on
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
the reel and with an indicator of the length wound.Awarning
bias.Asaminimum,thetwopartiesshouldtakeagroupoftest
bell or an automatic cutoff that will operate at a specified
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
number of turns is advisable. It is also recommended that the
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
reel have a collapsible arm for relaxing the tension on the
specimensshouldthenberandomlyassignedinequalnumbers
skeins to facilitate their removal from the reel. If yarn number
toeachlaboratoryfortesting.Theaverageresultsfromthetwo
is to be determined from the same skeins, refer toTest Method
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
D1907 for additional reel specifications.
unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
6.2 Package Holders—Vertical spindles for bobbins or
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
cones if not provided as an integral part of the reel, shafts on
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
which tubes or flanged spools can turn freely.
suppliermustagreetointerpretfuturetestresultsinthelightof
the known bias.
6.3 Tensile Testing Machine—A constant-rate-of-traverse
(CRT type) or constant-rate-of-extension (CRE type) tensile
5.2 This test method is not suitable for yarns that stretch
testing machine of suitable capacity as prescribed in Specifi-
more than 5% when the force is increased from 2.5 to 7.5
cation D76, capable of operating the moving clamp (spool) at
mN/tex or 0.03 to 0.08 gf/denier, because (a ) they require
a uniform speed of 300 6 10 mm/min or 12 6 0.5 in./min (for
special precautions as to tension in reeling, and (b) users of
Options 1 and 2) or capable of operating at a rate that will
such yarns are more interested in their elastic behavior at low
breaktheskeinbrokeninanaveragetimeof20 63sfromthe
forces than in their ultimate breaking strength.
start of application of tension to the skein (for Option 3). The
5.3 For Option 1, it is advisable to use a tensile testing
machine shall be equipped with spools not less than 25 mm or
machine of the proper capacity to break skeins with 80 turns.
1 in. nor more than 30 mm or 1.25 in. in both diameter and
If it is necessary to break skeins having only 40 or 20 turns,
length, and supported with at least one spool free to turn on its
convert the observed results to an 80-turn basis by multiplying
axis. The distance between the spools shall be sufficient to
by factors of 2 or 4, respectively. (The available literature does
permit placing the skeins on the spools in a wide, flat band.
not show that any significant error is introduced by the use of
6.4 Skein Holder or Rack, having parallel pegs or bars
these factors.)
placedasufficientdistanceaparttoholdtheskeinsextendedto
5.4 The circumference of the skeins used to determine the
nearly their full length without either stretching, kinking, or
breaking load is not critical, and as a consequence, close
entangling the yarn.
control of the tension at which the skeins are wound is not
necessary. If, however, the same skeins are to be used to
7. Sampling
determine yarn number for any purpose, the skeins must be
7.1 Lot Sample—Take a lot sample as directed in an
reeled under controlled tension on a reel meeting the require-
applicable specification, or as agreed upon between the pur-
ments given in Test Method D1907.
chaser and the supplier. In the absence of an applicable
5.5 For some purposes it may be advisable to convert the
specification or agreement, take a lot sample as directed in
skeinbreakingstrengthobservedforyarnofonenumbertothe
Practice D2258.
estimated skein breaking strength of a different yarn number.
NOTE 5—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
Factors for making such a conversion for cotton yarns are
purchaserandthesupplierrequirestakingintoaccountvariabilitybetween
given in 11.2. No corresponding factors have been developed
shipping units, between packages or ends within a shipping unit, and
for yarns spun from other fibers. betweenspecimensfromasinglepackagesoastoprovideasamplingplan
D1578 − 93 (2022)
with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality
rack, a loose loop may be made about the skein cross section,
level, and limited quality level.
and the yarns once again knotted. If skein breaking tenacity or
7.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep- skein break factor is to be calculated, the method of reeling
tance testing, take a total of ten packages for yarn spun on the must comply with the additional requirements in Test Method
cotton or worsted systems and a total of 20 packages for yarns D1907.
spunonthewoolensystem.Selectthepackagesrandomlyfrom 9.2.1 For Option 1, reel 80 turns on a 1.50 m (1.5-yd) reel.
all the packages in the lot sampling units.
If the breaking strength of such a skein is greater than the
capacity of the available testing machine, try 40 or 20 turns.
7.3 Number of Specimens—Test one skein from each pack-
9.2.2 For Option 2, reel 50 turns ona1mora 1-yd reel.
age in the laboratory sample.
9.2.3 For Option 3, reel 50 turns ona1m (1.09–yd) reel.
8. Conditioning
Include extra skeins for adjustment of the tester for time to
break.
8.1 Preconditioning—Yarns for testing should be wound
into skeins for preconditioning and conditioning (see Section
9.3 Conditioning—Transfer the skeins to the rack carefully
9). Reel one or more extra skeins for use in determining when
withaslittledisturbanceoftheyarnaspossible.Keeptheyarns
moisture equilibrium has been reached (see 8.2.1).
parallelandtheskeinflat,withnobunchingortwisting.Donot
8.1.1 Precondition the skeins at a temperature no higher
stretchorjerktheyarnanddonotallowittokink.Ifmorethan
than 50°C or 120°F in an atmosphere having a relative
one skein is to be stored on each pair of pegs, the skeins may
humidity between 5 and 25%. Skeins will usually reach
be transferred one at a time to the rack, with rings or washers
approximate moisture equilibrium in 4 h especially in moving
placedbetweenthemforeasierseparation.Precondition(ifnot
air.Crowdingskeinstooclosetogetherontherack,oranything
done before reeling) and condition as prescribed in Section 8.
that obstructs the circulation of air, may lengthen the time
Do not remove the skeins from the rack until time of test.
appreciably.
8.2 Conditioning—Condition the skeins in the standard 10. Procedure
atmospherefortestingtextiles,whichis21°C 61°Cor70°F
10.1 Perform all tests in the standard atmosphere for testing
6 2 °F and 65 6 2% relative humidity, until moisture
textiles, which is 21 °C 61°Cor70°F 6 2 °F and 65 62%
equilibrium has been reached.
relative humidity.
8.2.1 For cotton yarns, a minimum conditioning time of 4 h
10.2 Select the appropriate capacity range of the testing
is specified. Yarns made from other fibers or blends may
machine as follows:
require other lengths of time. When testing additional samples
10.2.1 For Options 1 and 2, a range within which (1) the
of the same type of yarn, it may be assumed that moisture
calibration of the tensile testing machine is accurate within
equilibrium has been reached after exposure for a time 25%
61.0%and (2)thebreakingforcecanbereadwithaprecision
longer than that found by test to be sufficient.
of 62.0%.
8.2.1.1 If necessary use the extra skein(s) to determine that
10.2.2 For Option 3, select the capacity and speed of the
moistureequilibriumhasbeenreachedwhensuccessiveweigh-
testing machine to reach the breaking force in an average time
ings at intervals of not less than 15 min do not differ by more
of 20 6 3 s or a testing speed agreed upon by purchaser and
than 0.1%. Do not use the skeins that are to be tested for
supplier. Break one or more preliminary skeins, and adjust the
strength for determining moisture equilibrium.
speed as necessary until the time-to-break conforms to the
9. Preparation of Specimens
specified limits. If the time-to-break for the preliminary skeins
is within the specified limits and no adjustment is required, the
9.1 Mou
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