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ASTM E275-93

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers

Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the description of requirements of spectrophotometric performance especially for ASTM methods, and the testing of the adequacy of available equipment for a specific method. The tests give a measurement of some of the important parameters controlling results obtained in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be concluded that all the factors in instrument performance are measured.
1.1.1 This practice is not to be used (1) as a rigorous test of performance of instrumentation, or (2) to intercompare the quantitative performance of instruments of different design.
1.1.2 This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spectrophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather than instruments designed for diffuse transmission and diffuse reflection.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Feb-2001
ICS
17.180.30 - Optical measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E13 - Molecular Spectroscopy and Separation Science
Drafting Committee
E13.01 - Ultra-Violet, Visible, and Luminescence Spectroscopy
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E275-01 - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6953-18 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Antioxidants and Erucamide Slip Additives in Polyethylene Using Liquid Chromatography (LC)
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM E387-04(2022) - Standard Test Method for Estimating Stray Radiant Power Ratio of Dispersive Spectrophotometers by the Opaque Filter Method
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM D1840-22 - Standard Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Aviation Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM D2914-15(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5412-93(2017)e1 - Standard Test Method for Quantification of Complex Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures or Petroleum Oils in Water
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM D3867-16(2021)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Nitrite-Nitrate in Water
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4282-15(2022) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Free Cyanide in Water and Wastewater by Microdiffusion
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM E169-16(2022) - Standard Practices for General Techniques of Ultraviolet-Visible Quantitative Analysis
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1164-12(2023)e1 - Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1341-16(2020) - Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectroradiometric Data from Radiant Sources for Colorimetry
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM ISO/ASTM51401-13 - Standard Practice for Use of a Dichromate Dosimetry System
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM D1426-15(2021)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In Water
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1866-97(2021) - Standard Guide for Establishing Spectrophotometer Performance Tests
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM D2330-20 - Standard Test Method for Methylene Blue Active Substances
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001

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ASTM E275-93 - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared SpectrophotometersASTM E275-93 - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers
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ASTM E275-93 - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 275 – 93
Standard Practice for
Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet,
1
Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 275; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
In developing a spectrophotometric method it is the responsibility of the originator to describe the
instrumentation and the performance required to duplicate the precision and accuracy of the method.
It is necessary to specify this performance in terms that may be used by others in applications of the
method.
The tests and measurements described in this practice are for the purpose of determining the
experimental conditions required for a particular analytical method. In using this practice an analyst
has either a particular analysis for which he describes requirements for instrument performance, or he
expects to test the capability of an instrument to perform a particular analysis. To accomplish either
of these objectives it is necessary that instrument performance be obtained in terms of the factors that
control the analysis. Unfortunately, it is true that not all the factors that can affect the results of an
analysis are readily measured and easily specified for the various types of spectrophotometric
equipment.
Of the many factors that control analytical results, this practice covers selection of the setting of
analytical wavelength, selection of slit width, photometric measurements, and characteristics of
absorption cells as the parameters of spectrophotometry that are likely to be affected by the analyst in
obtaining data. Other important factors, particularly those primarily dependent on instrument design,
are not covered in this practice.
1. Scope E 169 Practices for General Techniques of Ultraviolet-
2
Visible Quantitative Analysis
1.1 This practice covers the description of requirements of
E 387 Test Method for Estimating Stray Radiant Power
spectrophotometric performance especially for ASTM meth-
2
Ratio of Spectrophotometers by the Opaque Filter Method
ods, and the testing of the adequacy of available equipment for
a specific method. The tests give a measurement of some of the
3. Terminology
important parameters controlling results obtained in spectro-
3.1 Definitions:
photometric methods, but it is specifically not to be concluded
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to
that all the factors in instrument performance are measured.
Terminology E 131.
1.1.1 This practice is not to be used (1) as a rigorous test of
performance of instrumentation, or (2) to intercompare the
4. Significance and Use
quantitative performance of instruments of different design.
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the general
2. Referenced Documents performance of his instrument, as he is using it in a specific
spectrophotometric method, with the performance of instru-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
ments used in developing the method.
E 131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
E 168 Practices for General Techniques of Infrared Quanti-
5. Reference to This Practice in Standards
2
tative Analysis
5.1 Reference to this practice in any ASTM spectrophoto-
metric method (preferably in the section on apparatus where
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-13 on Molecular
the spectrophotometer is described) shall constitute due noti-
Spectroscopy and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E13.01 on Ultraviolet
fication that the adequacy of the spectrophotometer perfor-
and Visible Spectroscopy.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 1993. Published February 1994. Originally
mance is to be evaluated by means of this practice. Perfor-
published as E 275 – 65 T. Last previous edition E 275 – 83 (1989).
mance is considered to be adequate when the instrument can be
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E 275
operated in a manner to give test results equivalent to those recommendations. These tests should include a measurement
obtained on instruments used in establishing the method or in of the following factors in instrument operation, or their
cooperative testing of the method. equivalent:
5.2 It is recommended that the apparatus be described in 7.2.1 Ambient temperature,
terms of the results obtained on application of this practice to 7.2.2 Response time,
instruments used
...

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4.1 Wavenumber calibration is an important part of Raman analysis. The calibration of a Raman spectrometer is performed or checked frequently in the course of normal operation and even more often when working at high resolution. To date, the most common source of wavenumber values is either emission lines from low-pressure discharge lamps (for example, mercury, argon, or neon) or from the non-lasing plasma lines of the laser. There are several good compilations of these well-established values (1-8).3 The disadvantages of using emission lines are that it can be difficult to align lamps properly in the sample position and the laser wavelength must be known accurately. With argon, krypton, and other ion lasers commonly used for Raman the latter is not a problem because lasing wavelengths are well known. With the advent of diode lasers and other wavelength-tunable lasers, it is now often the case that the exact laser wavelength is not known and may be difficult or time-consuming to determine. In these situations it is more convenient to use samples of known relative wavenumber shift for calibration. Unfortunately, accurate wavenumber shifts have been established for only a few chemicals. This guide provides the Raman spectroscopist with average shift values determined in seven laboratories for seven pure compounds and one liquid mixture.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers Raman shift values for common liquid and solid chemicals that can be used for wavenumber calibration of Raman spectrometers. The guide does not include procedures for calibrating Raman instruments. Instead, this guide provides reliable Raman shift values that can be used as a complement to low-pressure arc lamp emission lines which have been established with a high degree of accuracy and precision.  
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Standard Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth does not Exceed 2 nm

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the performance of an instrument to the manufacturer's supplied performance specifications and to verify its suitability for continued routine use. It also provides generation of calibration monitoring data on a periodic basis, forming a base from which any changes in the performance of the instrument will be evident.
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1.1 This practice covers the parameters of spectrophotometric performance that are critical for testing the adequacy of instrumentation for most routine tests and methods2 within the wavelength range of 200 nm to 700 nm and the absorbance range of 0 to 2. The recommended tests provide a measurement of the important parameters controlling results in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be inferred that all factors in instrument performance are measured.  
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1.3 This practice should be performed on a periodic basis, the frequency of which depends on the physical environment within which the instrumentation is used. Thus, units handled roughly or used under adverse conditions (exposed to dust, chemical vapors, vibrations, or combinations thereof) should be tested more frequently than those not exposed to such conditions. This practice should also be performed after any significant repairs are made on a unit, such as those involving the optics, detector, or radiant energy source.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of an instrument, as it is being used in a specific spectrophotometric method, with the performance of instruments used in developing the method.
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4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of an instrument on any given day with the prior performance of an instrument. This practice is not necessarily meant for comparison of different instruments with each other even if the instruments are of the same type and model. This practice is not meant for comparison of the performance of one instrument operated under differing conditions.
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1.1 This practice describes two levels of tests to measure the performance of laboratory Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectrometers equipped with a standard sample holder used for transmission measurements.  
1.2 This practice is not directly applicable to Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers equipped with various specialized sampling accessories such as flow cells or reflectance optics, nor to Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectrometers, nor to FT-IR spectrometers run in step scan mode.  
1.2.1 If the specialized sampling accessory can be removed and replaced with a standard transmission sample holder, then this practice can be used. However, the user should recognize that the performance measured may not reflect that which is achieved when the specialized accessory is in use.  
1.2.2 If the specialized sampling accessory cannot be removed, then it may be possible to employ a modified version of this practice to measure spectrometer performance. The user is referred to Guide E1866 for a discussion of how these tests may be modified.  
1.2.3 Spectrometer performance tests for FT-NIR spectrometers are described in Practice E1944.  
1.2.4 Performance tests for dispersive MIR instruments are described in Practice E932.  
1.2.5 For FT-IR spectrometers run in a step scan mode, variations on this practice and information provided by the instrument vendor should be used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Informational inch-pound units are provided in 5.4.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Laboratory Fourier Transform Near-Infrared (FT-NIR) Spectrometers: Level Zero and Level One Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of a laboratory instrument on any given day with the prior performance of that instrument. This practice is not intended for comparison of different instruments with each other, nor is it directly applicable to dedicated process FT-NIR analyzers. This practice requires the use of a check sample compatible with the instrument under test as described in 5.3.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers two levels of tests to measure the performance of laboratory Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectrometers. This practice applies to the short-wave near infrared region, approximately 800 nm (12 500 cm–1) to 1100 nm (9090.91 cm–1); and the long-wavelength near infrared region, approximately 1100 nm (9090.91 cm–1) to 2500 nm (4000 cm–1). This practice is intended mainly for transmittance measurements of gases and liquids, although it is broadly applicable for reflectance measurements.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E958-13(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These practices should be used by a person who develops an analytical method to ensure that the spectral bandwidths cited in the practice are actually the ones used.
Note 2: The method developer should establish the spectral bandwidths that can be used to obtain satisfactory results.  
4.2 These practices should be used to determine whether a spectral bandwidth specified in a method can be realized with a given spectrophotometer and thus whether the instrument is suitable for use in this application. If accurate absorbance measurements are to be made on compounds with sharp absorption bands (natural half band widths of less than 15 nm) the spectral bandwidth of the spectrometer used should be better than 1/8th of the natural half band width of the compound’s absorption.  
4.3 These practices allow the user of a spectrophotometer to estimate the actual spectral bandwidth of the instrument under a given set of conditions and to compare the result to the spectral bandwidth calculated from data given in the manufacturer's literature or indicated by the instrument.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for estimating the spectral bandwidth of a spectrophotometer in the wavelength region of 185 nm to 820 nm.  
1.2 These practices are applicable to all modern spectrophotometer designs utilizing computer control and data handling. This includes conventional optical designs, where the sample is irradiated by monochromatic light, and ‘reverse’ optic designs coupled to photodiode arrays, where the light is separated by a polychromator after passing through the sample. For spectrophotometers that utilize servo-operated slits and maintain a constant period and a constant signal-to-noise ratio as the wavelength is automatically scanned, and/or utilize fixed slits and maintain a constant servo loop gain by automatically varying gain or dynode voltage, refer to the procedure described in Annex A1. This procedure is identical to that described in earlier versions of this practice.  
1.3 This practice does not cover the measurement of limiting spectral bandwidth, defined as the minimum spectral bandwidth achievable under optimum experimental conditions.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E932-89(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Dispersive Infrared Spectrometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended for all infrared spectroscopists who are using dispersive instruments for qualitative or quantitative areas of analysis.  
4.2 The purpose of this practice is to set forth performance guidelines for testing instruments used in developing an analytical method. These guidelines can be used to compare an instrument in a specific application with the instrument(s) used in developing the method.  
4.3 An infrared procedure must include a description of the instrumentation and of the performance needed to duplicate the precision and accuracy of the method.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the necessary information to qualify dispersive infrared instruments for specific analytical applications, and especially for methods developed by ASTM International.  
1.2 This practice is not to be used as a rigorous test of performance of instrumentation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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