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ASTM G91-97(2004)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO2 Using the Sulfation Plate Technique

Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO<inf>2</inf> Using the Sulfation Plate Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Atmospheric corrosion of metallic materials is a function of many weather and atmospheric variables. The effect of specific corrodants, such as sulfur dioxide, can accelerate the atmospheric corrosion of metals significantly. The sulfation plate method provides a simple technique to independently monitor the level of SO2 in the atmosphere to yield a weighted average result.
Sulfation plate results may be used to characterize atmospheric corrosion test sites regarding the effective average level of SO2 in the atmosphere at these locations.
Sulfation plate testing is useful in determining microclimate, seasonal, and long term variations in the effective average level of SO2.
The results of sulfation plate tests may be used in correlations of atmospheric corrosion rates with atmospheric data to determine the sensitivity of the corrosion rate to SO2 level.
The sulfation plate method may also be used with other methods to characterize the atmosphere at sites where buildings or other construction is planned in order to determine the extent of protective measures required for metallic materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a weighted average effective SO2 level for a 30-day interval through the use of the sulfation plate method, a technique for estimating the effective SO2 content of the atmosphere, and especially with regard to the atmospheric corrosion of stationary structures or panels. This practice is aimed at determining SO2 levels rather than sulfuric acid aerosol or acid precipitation.
1.2 The results of this practice correlate approximately with volumetric SO2 concentrations, although the presence of dew or condensed moisture tends to enhance the capture of SO2 into the plate.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2004
ICS
13.040.20 - Ambient atmospheres
Technical Committee
G01 - Corrosion of Metals
Drafting Committee
G01.04 - Corrosion of Metals in Natural Atmospheric and Aqueous Environments
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G91-97 - Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO<sub>2</sub> Using the Sulfation Plate Technique
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Replaced By
ASTM G91-97(2010) - Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO<inf>2</inf> Using the Sulfation Plate Technique
Effective Date
01-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM G116-99(2020)e1 - Standard Practice for Conducting Wire-on-Bolt Test for Atmospheric Galvanic Corrosion
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM G92-20 - Standard Practice for Characterization of Atmospheric Test Sites
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM D2010/D2010M-98(2017) - Standard Test Methods for Evaluation of Total Sulfation Activity in the Atmosphere by the Lead Dioxide Technique
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM B827-05(2020) - Standard Practice for Conducting Mixed Flowing Gas (MFG) Environmental Tests
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM G50-20 - Standard Practice for Conducting Atmospheric Corrosion Tests on Metals
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004

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ASTM G91-97(2004) - Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO<inf>2</inf> Using the Sulfation Plate TechniqueASTM G91-97(2004) - Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO<inf>2</inf> Using the Sulfation Plate Technique
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ASTM G91-97(2004) - Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO<inf>2</inf> Using the Sulfation Plate Technique
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:G91–97 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Practice for
Monitoring Atmospheric SO Using the Sulfation Plate
Technique
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G91; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope arerecoveredandsulfateanalysesperformedonthecontentsto
determine the extent of sulfur capture. The results are reported
1.1 This practice covers a weighted average effective SO
in terms of milligrams of SO per square metre per day.
level for a 30-day interval through the use of the sulfation plate
method, a technique for estimating the effective SO content of
4. Significance and Use
the atmosphere, and especially with regard to the atmospheric
4.1 Atmospheric corrosion of metallic materials is a func-
corrosion of stationary structures or panels. This practice is
tion of many weather and atmospheric variables. The effect of
aimed at determining SO levels rather than sulfuric acid
specific corrodants, such as sulfur dioxide, can accelerate the
aerosol or acid precipitation.
atmospheric corrosion of metals significantly. The sulfation
1.2 The results of this practice correlate approximately with
plate method provides a simple technique to independently
volumetric SO concentrations, although the presence of dew
monitor the level of SO in the atmosphere to yield a weighted
orcondensedmoisturetendstoenhancethecaptureofSO into
average result.
the plate.
4.2 Sulfation plate results may be used to characterize
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
atmospheric corrosion test sites regarding the effective average
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
level of SO in the atmosphere at these locations.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.3 Sulfation plate testing is useful in determining micro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
climate, seasonal, and long term variations in the effective
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
average level of SO .
2. Referenced Documents 4.4 The results of sulfation plate tests may be used in
correlations of atmospheric corrosion rates with atmospheric
2.1 ASTM Standards:
data to determine the sensitivity of the corrosion rate to SO
D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
level.
D2010/D2010M Test Methods for Evaluation of Total Sul-
4.5 The sulfation plate method may also be used with other
fation Activity in the Atmosphere by the Lead Dioxide
methods to characterize the atmosphere at sites where build-
Technique
ings or other construction is planned in order to determine the
G16 Guide forApplying Statistics toAnalysis of Corrosion
extent of protective measures required for metallic materials.
Data
5. Interferences
3. Summary of Practice
5.1 The lead peroxide reagent used in this practice may
3.1 Sulfation plates consisting of a lead peroxide reagent in
convert other compounds such as mercaptans, hydrogen sul-
an inverted dish are exposed for 30-day intervals. The plates
fide, and carbonyl sulfide into sulfate.
NOTE 1—Hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans, at concentrations which
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion
affect the corrosion of structural metals significantly, are relatively rare in
of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.04 on Atmospheric
most atmospheric environments, but their effects regarding the corrosion
Corrosion.
of metals are not equivalent to sulfur dioxide. Therefore, if H S, COS, or
Current edition approved Nov 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved on 1997 as G91 – 97. DOI: mercaptans are present in the atmosphere, the lead peroxide method must
10.1520/G0091-97R04.
not be used to assess atmospheric corrosivity. It should also be noted that
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
no actual measurements have been made which would establish the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
correlation between atmospheric H S, COS, or mercaptan level and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
sulfation as measured by this practice.
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G91–97 (2004)
5.2 The inverted exposure position of the sulfation plate is recorded when the plate exposure is initiated. At the termina-
intended to minimize capture of sulfuric acid aerosols and tion of exposure, the completion date should be added to the
sulfur bearing species from precipitation. exposure records.
NOTE 3—The 30 day exposure is not very discriminating in areas of
6. Sulfation Plate Preparation and Exposure
low SO concentrations. Experience has shown that 60- to 90-day
exposure may be necessary to develop a measurable SO capture on the
6.1 Sulfation plates can be prepared according to the 2
3 plate.
method of Huey. The plate preparation method is given in
Appendix X1. Laboratory prepared plates should be exposed 6.6 The sulfation plates shall be analyzed for sulfate content
within 120 days of preparation. using any established quantitative analysis technique.
6.2 Ingeneral,thelevelofatmosphericsulfurdioxidevaries
NOTE 4—In conducting the sulfate analysis, it is necessary to remove
seasonally during the year so that a minimal exposure program
the contents of the sulfation plate and solubilize the sulfate, for example,
requires four 30-day exposures each year at roughly equal
using a solution of sodium carbonate. It has been found that 20 mL of 50
intervals. In order to establish the atmospheric SO level at an g/L Na CO (ACS reagent grade) is sufficient to solubilize the sulfate in
2 2 3
this test method in a 3-hour period. Thereafter, conventional sulfate
atmospheric corrosion test site which has not been monitored
analysis can be employed, for example, by barium precipitation and either
previously, a program in which six 30-day exposures per year
gravimetric or turbidimetric analysis (see Test Methods D516).
for a period of 3 years is recommended. More extensive testing
may be desirable if large variability is encountered in the
7. Calculation
results. Thereafter, the location should be monitored with at
7.1 The sulfate analysis provides the quantity of sulfate on
least four tests in a 1-year period every 3 years. If the
eachdiscanalyzed.ThisshouldbeconvertedtoanSO capture
subsequent tests are not consistent with the initial testing, then
rate, R, by the following equation.
another 3-year program of six tests per year is required. Also,
R 5 ~m 2 mo! 3 MWSO /MWSO 3 A 3 T (1)
if a major change in the general area occurs in terms of 2 4
industrial or urban development, then six tests per year for 3
where:
years should again be carried out.
m = mass of sulfate found in the plate, mg,
6.3 In monitoring exposure sites, a minimum of four plates
m = mass of sulfate found in a blank (unexposed)
shall be used for each exposure period.
plate, mg,
6.3.1 Sites which have a grade or elevation variation should
MWSO = 64,
be monitored with at least two plates at the highest elevation
MWSO = 96,
and two plates at the lowest elevation.
A = area of the plate, m , and
T = exposure time of the plate, days.
6.3.2 Plates should be exposed, if possible, at both the
highest and lowest level above the ground at which corrosion
test specimens are exposed. 2
R 5 SO capture rate, mg SO /m day (2)
2 2
6.3.3 Sites larger than 10 000 m shall have at least eight
7.2 The SO capture rate may be converted to equivalent
plates exposed for each period. In rectangular sites on level
SO or SO values if desired, but for comparison purposes,
3 4
ground, it is desirable to expose two plates at each corner.
SO rates shall b
...

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5.3 Such measurements in indoor air are of importance because of the association of VOCs with air quality problems in indoor environments, particularly in relation to sick building syndrome and emissions from building materials. Many volatile organic compounds have the potential to contribute to air quality problems in indoor environments and in some cases toxic VOCs may be present at such elevated concentrations in home or workplace atmospheres as to prompt serious concerns over human exposure and adverse health effects (5).  
5.4 Such measurements in workplace air are of importance because of the known toxic effects of many such compounds.
Note 1: While workplace air monitoring has traditionally been carried out using disposable sorbent tubes, typically packed with charcoal and extracted using chemical desorption (solvent extraction) prior to GC analysis – for example following NIOSH and OSHA reference methods – routine thermal desorption (TD) technology was originally developed specifically for this application area. TD overcomes the inherent analyte dilution limitation of solvent extraction improving method detection limits by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude and making methods easier to automate. Relevant international standard methods include ISO 16017-1 and ISO 16017-2. For a detailed history of the development of analytical thermal desorption and a comparison with solvent extraction methods see Ref (6).  
5.5 In order to protect the environment as a whole and human health in part...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of ambient (1),2 indoor (2), and workplace (3, 4) atmospheres for a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers or for human exposure assessment.  
1.2 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under controlled conditions, onto the sorbent surface at the sampling end of the tube (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.  
1.3 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped sorbent tubes containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial passive (diffusive) samplers (typically of the same physical dimensions as standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing only one sorbent); and (3) radial passive (diffusive) samplers.  
1.4 This practice recommends a number of sorbents that can be packed in sorbent tubes for use in the sampling of vapor-phase organic chemicals; including volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds which, generally speaking, boil in the range 0 °C to 400 °C (v.p. 15 kPa to 0.01 kPa at 25 °C).  
1.5 This practice can be used for the measurement of airborne vapors of these organic compounds over a wide concentration range.  
1.5.1 With pumped sampling, this practice can be used for the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of VOCs in a concentration range of approximately 0.1 μg/m3 to 1 g/m3, for individual organic compounds in 1 L to 10 L air samples. Quantitative measurements are possible when using validated procedures with appropri...

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ASTM
ASTM D7788-14(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Collection of Total Airborne Fungal Structures via Inertial Impaction Methodology

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended for the collection of airborne fungal spores or fragments, or both, using inertial impaction.  
4.2 It is the responsibility of the user to assure that they are in compliance with all local, state and federal regulations governing the inspection of buildings for fungal colonization and the collection of associated samples.  
4.3 This practice is intended to provide the user with a basic understanding of the equipment, materials and instructions necessary to effectively collect air samples using an inertial impactor.  
4.4 This practice, when properly executed, may also be used for the evaluation of other types of airborne particles with the capturing characteristics appropriate for inertial impactor, and for which appropriate analytical methods exist. Such particles may include dust mites, skin cells, pollen, and other materials.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to describe procedures for the collection of airborne fungal spores or fragments, or both, using inertial impaction sampling techniques.  
1.2 This practice is not intended to limit the user from the collection of other airborne particulates that may be of interest and captured through this technique.  
1.3 This practice presumes that the user has a fundamental understanding of field investigative techniques related to the scientific process, and sampling plan development and implementation. It is important to establish the related hypothesis to be tested and the supporting analytical methodology needed in order to identify the sampling media to be used and the laboratory conditions for analysis.  
1.4 This practice does not address the development of a formal hypothesis or the establishment of appropriate and defensible investigation and sampling objectives. It is presumed the investigator has the experience and knowledge base to address these issues.  
1.5 This practice does not provide the user sufficient information to allow for interpretation of the analytical results from sample collection. It is the user's responsibility to seek or obtain the information and knowledge necessary to interpret the sample results reported by the laboratory.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2115-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Dwellings and of Other Child-Occupied Facilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to help prevent lead poisoning of children by providing standardized procedures for conducting a lead hazard assessment and providing information needed to develop and recommend lead hazard control options as described in Practice E2252.  
5.2 This guide is applicable for use in either occupied or unoccupied dwellings and in other child-occupied facilities.  
5.3 The procedures in this guide, when supplemented by recommendations for controlling lead hazards, provide for the conduct of a lead risk assessment of a dwelling or of other child-occupied facilities.  
5.4 This guide may be used to supplement assessment procedures used to determine the causes of elevated blood lead (EBL) levels in young children.
Note 2: In cases of EBL levels, investigation of the total living environment of the child and a pediatric medical evaluation may also be needed. Reference should be made to documents such as Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children,6 Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children (1991),7 the HUD Guidelines, and Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning (1997).7  
5.5 Although this guide was developed for dwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, this guide may be suitable for lead hazard assessments in non-residential buildings and other properties following agreement between assessor and client on appropriate lead action levels.  
5.6 This guide is not intended for use in identifying building materials that when abraded or otherwise degraded, such as that which may occur in remodeling or renovation activities, may result in lead hazards.  
5.7 Lead hazard assessment reports describe lead hazards identified at the time the assessment was performed. The locations, types, or severities of lead hazards can change over time as a result of property improvement or deterioration, significant changes in property use, or other factors.
Note 3: The term “lead-free” should never be used to describe the absence of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how to conduct, document, and report findings of a lead hazard assessment of dwellings and of other child-occupied facilities.  
1.2 Procedures for assessment of personal items, such as toys, dishes, and hobby materials that may contribute to elevated lead levels in blood are not included in this guide.  
1.3 Procedures for random sampling of units within dwellings having multiple units are not included.  
1.4 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The inch-pound and SI units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data.  
1.6 Methods described in this guide may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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