iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM G91-97(2010)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO2 Using the Sulfation Plate Technique

Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO<inf>2</inf> Using the Sulfation Plate Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Atmospheric corrosion of metallic materials is a function of many weather and atmospheric variables. The effect of specific corrodants, such as sulfur dioxide, can accelerate the atmospheric corrosion of metals significantly. The sulfation plate method provides a simple technique to independently monitor the level of SO2 in the atmosphere to yield a weighted average result.
Sulfation plate results may be used to characterize atmospheric corrosion test sites regarding the effective average level of SO2 in the atmosphere at these locations.
Sulfation plate testing is useful in determining microclimate, seasonal, and long term variations in the effective average level of SO2.
The results of sulfation plate tests may be used in correlations of atmospheric corrosion rates with atmospheric data to determine the sensitivity of the corrosion rate to SO2 level.
The sulfation plate method may also be used with other methods to characterize the atmosphere at sites where buildings or other construction is planned in order to determine the extent of protective measures required for metallic materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a weighted average effective SO2 level for a 30-day interval through the use of the sulfation plate method, a technique for estimating the effective SO2 content of the atmosphere, and especially with regard to the atmospheric corrosion of stationary structures or panels. This practice is aimed at determining SO2 levels rather than sulfuric acid aerosol or acid precipitation.
1.2 The results of this practice correlate approximately with volumetric SO2 concentrations, although the presence of dew or condensed moisture tends to enhance the capture of SO2 into the plate.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2010
ICS
13.040.20 - Ambient atmospheres
Technical Committee
G01 - Corrosion of Metals
Drafting Committee
G01.04 - Corrosion of Metals in Natural Atmospheric and Aqueous Environments
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G91-97(2004) - Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO<inf>2</inf> Using the Sulfation Plate Technique
Effective Date
01-Sep-2010
Replaced By
ASTM G91-11 - Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO<sub>2</sub> Deposition Rate for Atmospheric Corrosivity Evaluation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM G92-20 - Standard Practice for Characterization of Atmospheric Test Sites
Effective Date
01-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM G116-99(2020)e1 - Standard Practice for Conducting Wire-on-Bolt Test for Atmospheric Galvanic Corrosion
Effective Date
01-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM B827-05(2020) - Standard Practice for Conducting Mixed Flowing Gas (MFG) Environmental Tests
Effective Date
01-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM G50-20 - Standard Practice for Conducting Atmospheric Corrosion Tests on Metals
Effective Date
01-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM D2010/D2010M-98(2017) - Standard Test Methods for Evaluation of Total Sulfation Activity in the Atmosphere by the Lead Dioxide Technique
Effective Date
01-Sep-2010

Buy Standard

ASTM G91-97(2010) - Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO<inf>2</inf> Using the Sulfation Plate TechniqueASTM G91-97(2010) - Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO<inf>2</inf> Using the Sulfation Plate Technique
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM G91-97(2010) - Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO<inf>2</inf> Using the Sulfation Plate Technique
English language
5 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:G91–97 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Practice for
Monitoring Atmospheric SO Using the Sulfation Plate
Technique
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G91; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope arerecoveredandsulfateanalysesperformedonthecontentsto
determine the extent of sulfur capture. The results are reported
1.1 This practice covers a weighted average effective SO
in terms of milligrams of SO per square metre per day.
level for a 30-day interval through the use of the sulfation plate
method, a technique for estimating the effective SO content of
4. Significance and Use
the atmosphere, and especially with regard to the atmospheric
4.1 Atmospheric corrosion of metallic materials is a func-
corrosion of stationary structures or panels. This practice is
tion of many weather and atmospheric variables. The effect of
aimed at determining SO levels rather than sulfuric acid
specific corrodants, such as sulfur dioxide, can accelerate the
aerosol or acid precipitation.
atmospheric corrosion of metals significantly. The sulfation
1.2 The results of this practice correlate approximately with
plate method provides a simple technique to independently
volumetric SO concentrations, although the presence of dew
monitor the level of SO in the atmosphere to yield a weighted
orcondensedmoisturetendstoenhancethecaptureofSO into
average result.
the plate.
4.2 Sulfation plate results may be used to characterize
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
atmospheric corrosion test sites regarding the effective average
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
level of SO in the atmosphere at these locations.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.3 Sulfation plate testing is useful in determining micro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
climate, seasonal, and long term variations in the effective
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
average level of SO .
2. Referenced Documents 4.4 The results of sulfation plate tests may be used in
correlations of atmospheric corrosion rates with atmospheric
2.1 ASTM Standards:
data to determine the sensitivity of the corrosion rate to SO
D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
level.
D2010/D2010M Test Methods for Evaluation of Total Sul-
4.5 The sulfation plate method may also be used with other
fation Activity in the Atmosphere by the Lead Dioxide
methods to characterize the atmosphere at sites where build-
Technique
ings or other construction is planned in order to determine the
G16 Guide forApplying Statistics toAnalysis of Corrosion
extent of protective measures required for metallic materials.
Data
5. Interferences
3. Summary of Practice
5.1 The lead peroxide reagent used in this practice may
3.1 Sulfation plates consisting of a lead peroxide reagent in
convert other compounds such as mercaptans, hydrogen sul-
an inverted dish are exposed for 30-day intervals. The plates
fide, and carbonyl sulfide into sulfate.
NOTE 1—Hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans, at concentrations which
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion
affect the corrosion of structural metals significantly, are relatively rare in
of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.04 on Atmospheric
most atmospheric environments, but their effects regarding the corrosion
Corrosion.
of metals are not equivalent to sulfur dioxide. Therefore, if H S, COS, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010. Published May 2011. Originally
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as G91–97(2004). DOI: mercaptans are present in the atmosphere, the lead peroxide method must
10.1520/G0091-97R10.
not be used to assess atmospheric corrosivity. It should also be noted that
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
no actual measurements have been made which would establish the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
correlation between atmospheric H S, COS, or mercaptan level and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
sulfation as measured by this practice.
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G91–97 (2010)
5.2 The inverted exposure position of the sulfation plate is recorded when the plate exposure is initiated. At the termina-
intended to minimize capture of sulfuric acid aerosols and tion of exposure, the completion date should be added to the
sulfur bearing species from precipitation. exposure records.
NOTE 3—The 30 day exposure is not very discriminating in areas of
6. Sulfation Plate Preparation and Exposure
low SO concentrations. Experience has shown that 60- to 90-day
exposure may be necessary to develop a measurable SO capture on the
6.1 Sulfation plates can be prepared according to the 2
3 plate.
method of Huey. The plate preparation method is given in
Appendix X1. Laboratory prepared plates should be exposed
6.6 The sulfation plates shall be analyzed for sulfate content
within 120 days of preparation.
using any established quantitative analysis technique.
6.2 Ingeneral,thelevelofatmosphericsulfurdioxidevaries
NOTE 4—In conducting the sulfate analysis, it is necessary to remove
seasonally during the year so that a minimal exposure program
the contents of the sulfation plate and solubilize the sulfate, for example,
requires four 30-day exposures each year at roughly equal
using a solution of sodium carbonate. It has been found that 20 mL of
intervals. In order to establish the atmospheric SO level at an
50 g/L Na CO (ACS reagent grade) is sufficient to solubilize the sulfate
2 3
atmospheric corrosion test site which has not been monitored
in this test method in a 3-hour period. Thereafter, conventional sulfate
analysis can be employed, for example, by barium precipitation and either
previously, a program in which six 30-day exposures per year
gravimetric or turbidimetric analysis (see Test Methods D516).
for a period of 3 years is recommended. More extensive testing
may be desirable if large variability is encountered in the
7. Calculation
results. Thereafter, the location should be monitored with at
7.1 The sulfate analysis provides the quantity of sulfate on
least four tests in a 1-year period every 3 years. If the
subsequent tests are not consistent with the initial testing, then eachdiscanalyzed.ThisshouldbeconvertedtoanSO capture
another 3-year program of six tests per year is required. Also, rate, R, by the following equation:
if a major change in the general area occurs in terms of
R 5 ~m 2 mo! 3 MWSO /MWSO 3 A 3 T (1)
2 4
industrial or urban development, then six tests per year for 3
where:
years should again be carried out.
m = mass of sulfate found in the plate, mg,
6.3 In monitoring exposure sites, a minimum of four plates
m = mass of sulfate found in a blank (unexposed)
shall be used for each exposure period. 0
plate, mg,
6.3.1 Sites which have a grade or elevation variation should
MWSO = 64,
be monitored with at least two plates at the highest elevation
MWSO = 96,
and two plates at the lowest elevation.
A = area of the plate, m , and
6.3.2 Plates should be exposed, if possible, at both the
T = exposure time of the plate, days.
highest and lowest level above the ground at which corrosion
R 5 SO capture rate, mg SO /m day (2)
2 2
test specimens are exposed.
6.3.3 Sites larger than 10 000 m shall have at least eight
7.2 The SO capture rate may be converted to equivalent
plates exposed for each period. In rectangular sites on level
SO or SO values if desired, but for comparison purposes,
3 4
ground, it is desirable to expose two plates at each corner.
SO rates shall be used.
7.3 The average value and standard deviation of
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM G91-11(2018)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO2 Deposition Rate for Atmospheric Corrosivity Evaluation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Atmospheric corrosion of metallic materials is a function of many weather and atmospheric variables. The effect of specific corrodants, such as sulfur dioxide, can accelerate the atmospheric corrosion of metals significantly. It is important to have information available for the level of atmospheric SO2 when many metals are exposed to the atmosphere in order to determine their susceptibility to corrosion damage during their life time in the atmosphere.  
5.2 Volumetric analysis of atmospheric SO2 concentration carried out on a continuous basis is considered by some investigators as the most reliable method of estimating the effects caused by this gas. However, these methods require sophisticated monitoring devices together with power supplies and other equipment that make them unsuitable for many exposure sites. These methods are beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.3 The sulfation plate method provides a simple technique to independently monitor the level of SO2 in the atmosphere to yield a weighted average result. The lead peroxide cylinder is similar technique that produces comparable results, and the results are more sensitive to low levels of SO2.  
5.4 Sulfation plate or lead peroxide cylinder results may be used to characterize atmospheric corrosion test sites regarding the effective average level of SO2 in the atmosphere at these locations.  
5.5 Either sulfation plate or lead peroxide cylinder testing is useful in determining microclimate, seasonal, and long term variations in the effective average level of SO2.  
5.6 The results of these sulfur dioxide deposition rate tests may be used in correlations of atmospheric corrosion rates with atmospheric data to determine the sensitivity of the corrosion rate to SO2 level.  
5.7 The sulfur dioxide monitoring methods may also be used with other methods, such as Practice G84 for measuring time of wetness and Test Method G140 for atmospheric chloride deposition, to characterize the atmosphere at sites w...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers two methods of monitoring atmospheric sulfur dioxide, SO2 deposition rates with specific application for estimating or evaluating atmospheric corrosivity as it applies to metals commonly used in buildings, structures, vehicles and devices used in outdoor locations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7049-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Metalworking Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the gravimetric measurement4 of metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in workplace atmospheres.  
5.2 This test method provides total particulate matter concentrations for comparison with historical exposure databases collected with the same technology.  
5.3 This test method provides an extension to current non-standardized methods by adding an extractable mass concentration which reduces interferences from nonmetal removal fluid aerosols.  
5.4 This test method does not address differences between metal removal fluid types, but it does include extraction with a broad spectrum of solvent polarity to adequately remove many of the current fluid formulations from insoluble background aerosol.5  
5.5 This test method does not identify or quantify any specific putative toxins in the workplace that can be related to metal removal fluid aerosols or vapors.  
5.6 This test method does not address the loss of semivolatile compounds from the filter during or after collection.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of both total collected particulate matter and extractable mass metalworking fluid aerosol concentrations in the range of 0.07 to 5 mg/m3 in workplace atmospheres.  
1.2 This test method describes a standardized means of collecting worker exposure information that can be compared to existing exposure databases, using a test method that is also more specific to metal removal fluids.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2018-24(Guide)
Standard Guide for Property Condition Assessments: Baseline Property Condition Assessment Process

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Use—This guide is intended to reflect a reasonable baseline process for the completion of PCAs for use on a voluntary basis. No implication is intended that use of this guide be required to have conducted a PCA in a commercially prudent and reasonable manner. The baseline process described in this guide is subject to a moderate level of uncertainty. Because the objectives, risk tolerance, schedule, and budget of users can be dramatically different there are varying levels of PCA and due diligence that can be exercised that are both more and less comprehensive than this guide that may be appropriate to meet the objectives of the user. In accordance with ASTM protocols, this guide does not recommend a specific course of action or scope of work. Users should consider their requirements, the purpose that the PCA is to serve, and their risk tolerance to refine the scope of assessment and consultant qualifications in order to establish appropriate objectives for the assessment.  
4.2 Clarification of Use of Assessments:  
4.2.1 Specific Point in Time—A user should only rely on the PCR for the point in time that the observations and research were conducted.  
4.2.2 Site-Specific—The PCA prepared in accordance with this guide is site-specific in that it relates to the physical condition of primary improvements on a specific parcel of commercial real estate. Consequently, this guide does not address many additional issues in commercial real estate transactions such as economic obsolescence, the purchase of business entities, or physical deficiencies relating to off-site conditions.  
4.2.3 Specific Objectives—PCAs are completed to address specific objectives identified to the consultant by the user. The consultant should be consulted prior to use of the PCA to address any other objective.  
4.2.4 Intended Users—PCAs are typically completed for use by contracting parties. In some cases, the use of or reliance on reports may be extended to additional parties by mutua...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—The purpose of this guide is to provide a framework for conducting a property condition assessment (PCA) of the primary improvements at commercial real estate properties by performing a walk-through survey and conducting research as outlined within this guide.  
1.1.1 Physical Deficiencies—The goal of the baseline process for property condition assessments is to identify and communicate material physical deficiencies to a user.  
1.1.2 Walk-Through Survey—This guide outlines procedures for conducting a walk-through survey to identify physical deficiencies, and recommends various building systems and building components that should be observed by the field observer.  
1.1.3 Document Reviews and Interviews—The scope of this guide includes document reviews, research, and interviews to augment the walk-through survey to assist with understanding the subject property and identification of physical deficiencies.  
1.1.4 Property Condition Report—The work product resulting from completing a PCA in accordance with this guide is a property condition report (PCR). The PCR incorporates the information obtained during the Walk-Through Survey, the Document Review and Interviews sections of this guide and includes opinions of costs for suggested remedies of observed physical deficiencies.  
1.2 Objectives—Objectives in the development of this guide are to: (1) provide a framework for conducting a property condition assessment (PCA) of the primary improvements located on a parcel of commercial real estate; (2) facilitate consistent and pertinent content in PCRs; (3) develop pragmatic and reasonable recommendations and expectations for site observations, document reviews and research associated with conducting PCAs and preparing PCRs; (4) establish reasonable expectations for PCRs; (5) assist in developing an industry standard of care for appropriate baseline observations and research; and (6) recommend protocols for th...

  • Guide
    21 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    21 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E3193-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lead (Pb) by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use with other standards that address the collection and preparation of samples (airborne particulate, dusts by wipe and micro-vacuuming, dried paint chips, and soils) that are obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures.  
5.2 Laboratories analyzing samples obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures shall conform to Practice E1583, or shall be recognized for lead analysis as promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction, or both.  
Note 2: In the United States of America, laboratories performing analysis of samples collected during lead-based paint activities are required to be accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 and to other requirements promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  
5.3 This test method may also be used to analyze similar samples from other environments such as toxic characteristic extracts of waste sampled using Guide E1908, and soil and sludge as prepared for analysis using U.S. EPA SW-846 Test Method 1311.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of lead (Pb) in airborne particulate, dust by wipe and micro-vacuuming, paint, and soil collected in and around buildings and related structures by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) and is derived from Test Methods D4185 and E1613.  
1.2 The sensitivity, detection limit, and optimum working concentration for lead (Pb) are given in Table 1.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other values of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The SI and inch-pound units shown for wipe and micro-vacuuming sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe and micro-vacuuming sampling data (14.4.2 and 14.4.3).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7440-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Characterizing Uncertainty in Air Quality Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 A primary use intended for this practice is for qualifying ASTM International Standards as Standard Test Methods. In the past, a “Precision and Bias” report has been required. However, recently a statement of uncertainty has become an acceptable alternative to Guide D3670. Inclusion of such a statement with a method description simplifies comparison of ASTM Test Methods to analogous ISO and Committee for European Normalization (CEN) standards, now required to have uncertainty statements.  
6.2 Standardizing the characterization of sampling/analytical method performance is expected to be useful in other applications as well. For example, performance details are a necessity for justifying compliance decisions based on experimental air quality assessments (7). Documented uncertainty can form a basis for specific criteria defining acceptable sampling/analytical method performance.  
6.3 Furthermore, high quality atmospheric measurements are vital for making decisions as to how hazardous substances are to be controlled. Valid data are required for drawing reasonable epidemiological conclusions, for making sound decisions as to acceptable limits, as well as for determining the efficacy of a hazard control system.  
6.4 Finally, because of developing world-wide acceptance of ISO GUM for detailing measurements when statistics are simple, the practice should be useful in comparing ASTM International Test Methods to other published methods. The codification of statistical procedures may in fact minimize the difficulty in interpreting a plethora of individual, albeit possibly valid, approaches.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is for assisting developers and users of air quality methods for sampling concentrations of both airborne and settled materials in characterizing measurements as to uncertainty. Where possible, analysis into uncertainty components as recommended in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (ISO GUM, (1)2) is suggested. Aspects of uncertainty estimation particular to air quality measurement are emphasized. For example, air quality assessment is often complicated by: the difficulty of taking replicate measurements owing to the large spatio-temporal variation in concentration values to be measured; systematic error or bias, both corrected and uncorrected; and the (rare) non-normal distribution of errors. This practice operates mainly through example. Background and mathematical development are relegated to appendices for optional reading.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    14 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    14 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6589-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Statistical Evaluation of Atmospheric Dispersion Model Performance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Guidance is provided on designing model evaluation performance procedures and on the difficulties that arise in statistical evaluation of model performance caused by the stochastic nature of dispersion in the atmosphere. It is recognized there are examples in the literature where, knowingly or unknowingly, models were evaluated on their ability to describe something which they were never intended to characterize. This guide is attempting to heighten awareness, and thereby, to reduce the number of “unknowing” comparisons. A goal of this guide is to stimulate development and testing of evaluation procedures that accommodate the effects of natural variability. A technique is illustrated to provide information from which subsequent evaluation and standardization can be derived.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides techniques that are useful for the comparison of modeled air concentrations with observed field data. Such comparisons provide a means for assessing a model's performance, for example, bias and precision or uncertainty, relative to other candidate models. Methodologies for such comparisons are yet evolving; hence, modifications will occur in the statistical tests and procedures and data analysis as work progresses in this area. Until the interested parties agree upon standard testing protocols, differences in approach will occur. This guide describes a framework, or philosophical context, within which one determines whether a model's performance is significantly different from other candidate models. It is suggested that the first step should be to determine which model's estimates are closest on average to the observations, and the second step would then test whether the differences seen in the performance of the other models are significantly different from the model chosen in the first step. An example procedure is provided in Appendix X1 to illustrate an existing approach for a particular evaluation goal. This example is not intended to inhibit alternative approaches or techniques that will produce equivalent or superior results. As discussed in Section 6, statistical evaluation of model performance is viewed as part of a larger process that collectively is referred to as model evaluation.  
1.2 This guide has been designed with flexibility to allow expansion to address various characterizations of atmospheric dispersion, which might involve dose or concentration fluctuations, to allow development of application-specific evaluation schemes, and to allow use of various statistical comparison metrics. No assumptions are made regarding the manner in which the models characterize the dispersion.  
1.3 The focus of this guide is on end results, that is, the accuracy of model predictions and the discernment of whether differences seen between models are significant, rather than operational details such as the ease of model implementation or the time required for model calculations to be performed.  
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should it be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this guide means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.5 This standard applies to gaussian plume models; it may not be applicable to non-point sources, heavy gas models from evaporation from pool (for example, liquid spills), as well as near-field receptors.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide...

  • Guide
    18 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    18 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7520-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Opacity of a Plume in the Outdoor Ambient Atmosphere

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Air permits from regulatory agencies often require measurements of opacity from stationary air pollution point sources in the outdoor ambient environment. Opacity has been visually measured by certified smoke readers in accordance with USEPA (USEPA Method 9). DCOT is also a method to determine plume opacity in the outdoor ambient environment.  
5.2 The concept of DCOT was based on previous method development using Digital Still Cameras and field testing of those methods.7,8 The purpose of this standard is to set a minimum level of performance for products that use DCOT to determine plume opacity in ambient environments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures to determine the opacity of a plume, using digital imagery and associated hardware and software. The aforementioned plume is caused by particulate matter emitted from a stationary point source in the outdoor ambient environment.  
1.2 The opacity of emissions is determined by the application of a Digital Camera Opacity Technique (DCOT) that consists of a Digital Still Camera, Analysis Software, and the Output Function’s content to obtain and interpret digital images to determine and report plume opacity.  
1.3 This method is suitable to determine the opacity of plumes from zero (0) percent to one hundred (100) percent.  
1.4 Conditions that shall be considered when using this method to obtain the digital image of the plume include the plume’s background, the existence of condensed water in the plume, orientation of the Digital Still Camera to the plume and the sun (see Section 8).  
1.5 This standard describes the procedures to certify the DCOT, hardware, software, and method to determine the opacity of the plumes.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    22 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6196-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in Air

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is recommended for use in measuring the concentration of VOCs in ambient, indoor, and workplace atmospheres. It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers for material emission testing or human exposure assessment.  
5.2 Such measurements in ambient air are of importance because of the known role of VOCs as ozone precursors, and in some cases (for example, benzene), as toxic pollutants in their own right.  
5.3 Such measurements in indoor air are of importance because of the association of VOCs with air quality problems in indoor environments, particularly in relation to sick building syndrome and emissions from building materials. Many volatile organic compounds have the potential to contribute to air quality problems in indoor environments and in some cases toxic VOCs may be present at such elevated concentrations in home or workplace atmospheres as to prompt serious concerns over human exposure and adverse health effects (5).  
5.4 Such measurements in workplace air are of importance because of the known toxic effects of many such compounds.
Note 1: While workplace air monitoring has traditionally been carried out using disposable sorbent tubes, typically packed with charcoal and extracted using chemical desorption (solvent extraction) prior to GC analysis – for example following NIOSH and OSHA reference methods – routine thermal desorption (TD) technology was originally developed specifically for this application area. TD overcomes the inherent analyte dilution limitation of solvent extraction improving method detection limits by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude and making methods easier to automate. Relevant international standard methods include ISO 16017-1 and ISO 16017-2. For a detailed history of the development of analytical thermal desorption and a comparison with solvent extraction methods see Ref (6).  
5.5 In order to protect the environment as a whole and human health in part...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of ambient (1),2 indoor (2), and workplace (3, 4) atmospheres for a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers or for human exposure assessment.  
1.2 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under controlled conditions, onto the sorbent surface at the sampling end of the tube (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.  
1.3 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped sorbent tubes containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial passive (diffusive) samplers (typically of the same physical dimensions as standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing only one sorbent); and (3) radial passive (diffusive) samplers.  
1.4 This practice recommends a number of sorbents that can be packed in sorbent tubes for use in the sampling of vapor-phase organic chemicals; including volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds which, generally speaking, boil in the range 0 °C to 400 °C (v.p. 15 kPa to 0.01 kPa at 25 °C).  
1.5 This practice can be used for the measurement of airborne vapors of these organic compounds over a wide concentration range.  
1.5.1 With pumped sampling, this practice can be used for the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of VOCs in a concentration range of approximately 0.1 μg/m3 to 1 g/m3, for individual organic compounds in 1 L to 10 L air samples. Quantitative measurements are possible when using validated procedures with appropri...

  • Standard
    32 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    32 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7788-14(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Collection of Total Airborne Fungal Structures via Inertial Impaction Methodology

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended for the collection of airborne fungal spores or fragments, or both, using inertial impaction.  
4.2 It is the responsibility of the user to assure that they are in compliance with all local, state and federal regulations governing the inspection of buildings for fungal colonization and the collection of associated samples.  
4.3 This practice is intended to provide the user with a basic understanding of the equipment, materials and instructions necessary to effectively collect air samples using an inertial impactor.  
4.4 This practice, when properly executed, may also be used for the evaluation of other types of airborne particles with the capturing characteristics appropriate for inertial impactor, and for which appropriate analytical methods exist. Such particles may include dust mites, skin cells, pollen, and other materials.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to describe procedures for the collection of airborne fungal spores or fragments, or both, using inertial impaction sampling techniques.  
1.2 This practice is not intended to limit the user from the collection of other airborne particulates that may be of interest and captured through this technique.  
1.3 This practice presumes that the user has a fundamental understanding of field investigative techniques related to the scientific process, and sampling plan development and implementation. It is important to establish the related hypothesis to be tested and the supporting analytical methodology needed in order to identify the sampling media to be used and the laboratory conditions for analysis.  
1.4 This practice does not address the development of a formal hypothesis or the establishment of appropriate and defensible investigation and sampling objectives. It is presumed the investigator has the experience and knowledge base to address these issues.  
1.5 This practice does not provide the user sufficient information to allow for interpretation of the analytical results from sample collection. It is the user's responsibility to seek or obtain the information and knowledge necessary to interpret the sample results reported by the laboratory.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2115-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Dwellings and of Other Child-Occupied Facilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to help prevent lead poisoning of children by providing standardized procedures for conducting a lead hazard assessment and providing information needed to develop and recommend lead hazard control options as described in Practice E2252.  
5.2 This guide is applicable for use in either occupied or unoccupied dwellings and in other child-occupied facilities.  
5.3 The procedures in this guide, when supplemented by recommendations for controlling lead hazards, provide for the conduct of a lead risk assessment of a dwelling or of other child-occupied facilities.  
5.4 This guide may be used to supplement assessment procedures used to determine the causes of elevated blood lead (EBL) levels in young children.
Note 2: In cases of EBL levels, investigation of the total living environment of the child and a pediatric medical evaluation may also be needed. Reference should be made to documents such as Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children,6 Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children (1991),7 the HUD Guidelines, and Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning (1997).7  
5.5 Although this guide was developed for dwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, this guide may be suitable for lead hazard assessments in non-residential buildings and other properties following agreement between assessor and client on appropriate lead action levels.  
5.6 This guide is not intended for use in identifying building materials that when abraded or otherwise degraded, such as that which may occur in remodeling or renovation activities, may result in lead hazards.  
5.7 Lead hazard assessment reports describe lead hazards identified at the time the assessment was performed. The locations, types, or severities of lead hazards can change over time as a result of property improvement or deterioration, significant changes in property use, or other factors.
Note 3: The term “lead-free” should never be used to describe the absence of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how to conduct, document, and report findings of a lead hazard assessment of dwellings and of other child-occupied facilities.  
1.2 Procedures for assessment of personal items, such as toys, dishes, and hobby materials that may contribute to elevated lead levels in blood are not included in this guide.  
1.3 Procedures for random sampling of units within dwellings having multiple units are not included.  
1.4 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The inch-pound and SI units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data.  
1.6 Methods described in this guide may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off