ASTM F3079-14(2020)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Use of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Systems for Monitoring the Impact of Ground Movements During Tunnel and Utility Construction on Existing Underground Utilities
Standard Practice for Use of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Systems for Monitoring the Impact of Ground Movements During Tunnel and Utility Construction on Existing Underground Utilities
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to assist engineers, contractors and owner/operators of underground utilities and tunnels with the successful implementation of distributed optical fiber sensing for monitoring ground movements prior to construction for site planning and during utility and tunnel construction and operation and the impact of such ground movements on existing utilities.
5.2 Before the installation of distributed optical fiber sensing begins, the contractor shall secure written explicit authorization from the owner/operator of the new tunnel/utility and the existing utilities allowing an evaluation to be conducted for the feasibility of distributed optical fiber sensing for monitoring ground movements for the intended purpose and to have access to certain locations of the structure and the surrounding ground. It may also be necessary for the installer to have written explicit authorization from applicable jurisdictional agencies such as the Department of Transportation, the Army Corps of Engineers, the Department of Environmental Protection and other.
5.3 Engineers, contractors, and owners/operators shall also be cognizant of how the use of distributed optical fiber sensing for monitoring ground movements around utilities and tunnels might interfere with the use of certain equipment or tools near the installed optical fiber sensing cable in some special situations. For example, repair activities may have to temporarily remove, relocate, or avoid the optical fiber cable.
5.4 Engineers, contractors, and owners/operators should be cognizant of how installation techniques and optical fiber (OF) cable location and protection can affect the performance of DOFSS.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice specifically addresses the means and methods for the use of distributed optical fiber sensors for monitoring ground movements during tunnel and utility construction and its impact on existing utilities.
1.2 This practice applies to the process of selecting suitable materials, design, installation, data collection, data processing and reporting of results.
1.3 This practice applies to all utilities that transport water, sewage, oil, gas, chemicals, electric power, communications and mass media content.
1.4 This practice applies to all tunnels that transport and/or store water or sewage.
1.5 This practice also applies to tunnels that carry the utilities in (1.3), water for hydropower, traffic, rail, freight, capsule transport, and those used for storage.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3079 − 14 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Practice for
Use of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Systems for
Monitoring the Impact of Ground Movements During Tunnel
and Utility Construction on Existing Underground Utilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3079; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice specifically addresses the means and 2.1 ASTM Standards:
methods for the use of distributed optical fiber sensors for E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
monitoring ground movements during tunnel and utility con- ASTM Test Methods
struction and its impact on existing utilities. E2586 Practice for Calculating and Using Basic Statistics
2.2 Other Standards:
1.2 This practice applies to the process of selecting suitable
IEC 61753-1 Fibre Optic Interconnecting Devices and Pas-
materials, design, installation, data collection, data processing
sive Components Performance Standard—Part 1: General
and reporting of results.
and Guidance for Performance Standards
1.3 This practice applies to all utilities that transport water,
IEC 61757-1 Fibre Optic Sensors—Part 1: Generic Specifi-
sewage, oil, gas, chemicals, electric power, communications
cation
and mass media content.
COST Action 299 “FIDES” Optical Fibres for New Chal-
1.4 This practice applies to all tunnels that transport and/or lenges Facing the Information Society
ITU-T G.652 Characteristics of a Single-mode Optical Fibre
store water or sewage.
and Cable
1.5 This practice also applies to tunnels that carry the
utilities in (1.3), water for hydropower, traffic, rail, freight,
3. Terminology
capsule transport, and those used for storage.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1.1 accuracy—the closeness of the measured value to the
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
true or the ideal value of the parameter being measured.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
Accuracy represents the difference between the measured
and are not considered standard.
result and the true value and is affected by both bias and
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
precision.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2 attenuation—thedecreaseinpowerofasignal,orlight
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
wave, from interaction with the propagation medium. The
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
decrease usually occurs as a result of absorption, reflection,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
diffusion, scattering, deflection, dispersion or resistance.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.3 attenuationbudget(alsocalledopticalpowerdynamic
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
range and link budget)—the maximum cumulative one-way or
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F36 on Technology Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3, rue de
and Underground Utilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F36.10 Varembé, 1st floor, P.O. Box 131, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, https://
on Optical Fiber Systems within Existing Infrastructure. www.iec.ch.
Current edition approved April 1, 2020. Published April 2020. Originally For additional information, visit http://www.cost.eu.
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as F3079–14. DOI: Available from International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Place des
10.1520/F3079–14R20. Nations, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.itu.int.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3079 − 14 (2020)
two-way power loss between the interrogator and the measure- 3.1.20 failure criteria of the sensor—the measurement un-
ment point that allows a measurement with a specified perfor- certainty due to overstressing, overheating and other factors
mance. leading to results or data that are unreliable.
3.1.4 bias—the difference between the measured result after 3.1.21 gauge length (GL)—the length of the fiber that
averaging and the ‘true’value. The true value can be obtained contributes to the measured output value of a single channel.
either by measuring a reference standard maintained by the
3.1.22 life expectancy—a period of time during which the
national standard organizations or by using a traceable mea-
measuring system or its components are expected to operate
suring instrument.
according to its specifications for defined conditions.
3.1.5 bofda—Brillouin optical frequency domain analysis.
3.1.23 limiting conditions—the extreme conditions that a
3.1.6 bofdr—Brillouin optical frequency domain reflectom- measuring instrument is required to withstand without damage,
etry. needingtoswitchoffordegradationofspecifiedcharacteristics
when it is subsequently operated under its rated operating
3.1.7 botda—Brillouin optical time domain analysis.
conditions.
3.1.8 botdr—Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry.
3.1.24 linearity—the tolerance to which the transfer re-
3.1.9 characteristic frequency and/or wavelength at refer-
sponse characteristics of a measurement system (scale factor)
ence temperature (Brillouin technologies)—the wavelength
approximates a straight line over the sensor range of the
that characterizes the sensor response at reference temperature
system. For Brillouin sensors, it means that the range of
as monitored by the interrogator.As Brillouin frequency varies
temperature or strain should be within the Brillouin frequency
with wavelength of the light source, this also changes the
which is linearly proportional to the strain or temperature. For
temperature and strain coefficients for various sensing fibers.
Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) systems it
Therefore, the characteristic frequency and the wavelength at a
means that the wavelength or frequency shift is linearly
specified reference temperature and at zero strain are usually
proportional to temperature or strain over certain length.
provided by the producers.
3.1.25 linkbudget(alsocalledopticalpowerdynamicrange
3.1.10 cladding—optical transparent material over the core
or attenuation budget)—the maximum cumulative one-way or
of the fiber optic cable, with a refractive index lower than that
two-way power loss between the interrogator and the measure-
of the core, to provide total internal reflectance.
ment point that allows a measurement with a specified perfor-
mance.
3.1.11 connector—coupling device that permits a signal to
pass from one optical fiber to another.
3.1.26 location accuracy—the estimated location of a mea-
surement or other system output, such as a detection report,
3.1.12 connector insertion loss—the power loss due to the
insertion of a connector between two elements. minus the true location of the stimulus that generated the
measurement or output.
3.1.13 contractor—usually, the entity in charge of construc-
tion of the new tunnel or other infrastructure that may impact 3.1.27 measurement range—a set of values of measured
parameters for which the error of a measuring instrument is
the utility.
intended to fall within specified limits.
3.1.14 core—the primary light-conducting region of an
optical fiber. The refractive index of the core is higher than its 3.1.28 measuring spatial resolution—the minimum distance
over which the DOFSS is able to detect the value of the
cladding, the condition necessary for total internal reflection.
measured parameter, such as strain or temperature, averaged
3.1.15 cross-sensitivity—the unwanted change of measured
over this minimum distance, within the specified uncertainty.
result due to the influence of physical factors other than the
measured parameters. 3.1.29 measuring time—therequiredtimeintervalneededto
obtain a measurement within the specified uncertainty, the
3.1.16 distributed optical fiber sensor system (DOFSS)—a
spatial resolution, and the system range, including any time
system using optical fiber cable as a sensor, without discrete
required for data post-processing.
elements such as wound mandrels or fiber Bragg gratings, that
is sensitive over its entire length to deliver spatially continuous 3.1.30 noise—the random variation in the measurement
result unrelated to the measured parameter. It primarily affects
and resolvable data on the desired measured parameters.
the precision of measurement.
3.1.17 drift—a slow change in time of the monitoring
characteristics of the measurement system. 3.1.31 operating temperature range of the measurement
unit—the range of temperatures over which, the measurement
3.1.18 durability—a quality of a manufactured component
unit can collect data on the parameters of interest, without
of a measurement system or of the entire measurement system
losing its capacity for performance and reliability.
measured by how well it withstands a sustained period of
specified operation. 3.1.32 operator—the firm hired by the owner to perform
operation and maintenance of the tunnel or utility.
3.1.19 engineer—the licensed professional engineer desig-
nated by the owner/operator of the utility or the tunnel to 3.1.33 optical fiber sensing cable—cable formed using one
represent the owner’s/operator’s interests during the ground or more strands of optical fiber to sense physical parameters
movement monitoring process. and/or transmit data.
F3079 − 14 (2020)
3.1.34 optical fiber sensor—composed of one or more fiber, cf, using dx5dt*cf⁄2. The spatial sampling interval shall
optical fiber sensing cables and the associated light signal be at least one-half of the spatial resolution.
processing equipment as pertinent to DOFSS defined in 3.1.16.
3.1.49 system distance range—the length of fiber over
3.1.35 optical power dynamic range (also called link budget which the measurement can be performed within the stated
and attenuation budget)—the maximum cumulative one-way precision, or the system can achieve its stated performance (for
example, probability of detection, location accuracy.).
or two-way power loss between the interrogator and the
measurement point that allows measurement with a specified
3.1.50 tester—the person or the entity responsible for car-
performance.
rying out the evaluation of the impact of tunneling or utility
3.1.36 owner—the person(s) or a governing body charged construction.
with construction, operation and maintenance of the under-
3.1.51 total internal reflection—reflection that occurs in a
ground utility or tunnel system.
medium when the incidence angle of a light ray striking a
3.1.37 precision—describes how repeatable a measurement boundary of the medium is greater than the critical angle and
the entire energy of the ray is reflected back into the medium.
result is. Precision is measured by the estimated standard
deviation of a specified series of measurements.
3.1.52 true value—the result of a measurement that would
beobtainedbyaperfectmeasurementwithnoprecisionorbias
3.1.38 Rayleigh cotdr—Rayleigh coherent optical time do-
main reflectometry. error.
3.1.53 updating time—the time interval between updates of
3.1.39 repeatability—the closeness of the agreement be-
the measured value of all channels of the DOFSS. This is the
tween the results of successive measurements of the same
same as the temporal sampling interval for systems other than
measured parameter carried out under the same conditions of
multi-channel or those that provide data incrementally.
measurement. This means that for every one hundred repeated
strain or temperature measurements, repeatability is the mea-
3.1.54 warm-up time—the duration from the time power is
sure of the highest probability associated with either the strain
turned on until the system performs in accordance with all
or the temperature.
specifications.
3.1.40 report—the official written work product or project
3.1.55 wavelength—the length of a wave measured from
deliverable that contains a description of the scope of work
any point on a wave to the corresponding point on the next
done, data collected and presented in various forms, interpre-
cycle of the wave.
tation of the data, findings and recommendations for further
3.1.56 wavelength of operation—the range of wavelengths
action.
ofopticalradiationthesensorusestoprovidetherequireddata.
3.1.41 reproducibility—the closeness of the agreement be-
NOTE 1—Every effort has been made in the above definitions to be
tween the results of measurements of the same measured
consistent with those defined in Cost Action 299 and IEC 61757-1.
parameter carried out under changed conditions of measure-
ment.
4. Summary of Practice
3.1.42 resolution—the smallest change in the measured
4.1 Distributed optical fiber sensing technology has many
parameter that can be indicated by the measurement system.
advantagesovercurrentmethodsusingdiscrete“point”sensors
Not to be confused with precision. This is often called the
for monitoring ground movements around underground utili-
“quantization interval” of the measurement system.
ties and tunnels.The advantages include, but are not limited to:
3.1.43 responsivity—the change in the response (output
4.1.1 Their distributed nature means that there are no
signal) of a complete measurement system to the correspond-
monitoring gaps, as compared to conventional point sensors,
ing change in the stimulus (input signal).
provided the distributed optical fiber sensing cable is installed
over the whole length, area or volume of interest;
3.1.44 scale factor—the inverse of the ratio of a change in
the stimulus to corresponding measured change.
4.1.2 Asingle optical fiber sensing cable can provide tens of
thousands of continuously distributed measurement points;
3.1.45
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