ASTM D5035-95
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers raveled strip and cut strip test procedures for determining the breaking force and elongation of most textile fabrics. Provision is made for wet testing.
1.1.1 The raveled strip test is applicable to woven fabrics while the cut strip test is applicable to nonwoven fabrics, felted fabrics, and dipped or coated fabrics.
1.2 This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics or for other textile fabrics which have high stretch (more than 11%). Note 1-For the determination of the breaking force and elongation of textile fabrics using the grab test and modified grab test procedures, refer to Test Method D5034. Note 2-For determination of the breaking force and elongation of some specific types of fabrics which use the strip test, refer to Specifications D579 and D580.
1.3 This test method shows the values in both inch-pound units and SI units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining in any way.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D 5035 – 95
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 579 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
D 580 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Tapes and
1.1 This test method covers raveled strip and cut strip test
Webbings
procedures for determining the breaking force and elongation
D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
of most textile fabrics. Provision is made for wet testing.
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
1.1.1 The raveled strip test is applicable to woven fabrics
D 5034 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
while the cut strip test is applicable to nonwoven fabrics, felted
Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
fabrics, and dipped or coated fabrics.
1.2 This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics
3. Terminology
or for other textile fabrics which have high stretch (more than
3.1 Definitions:
11 %).
3.1.1 breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a
NOTE 1—For the determination of the breaking force and elongation of
material carried to rupture. (Compare breaking point, breaking
textile fabrics using the grab test and modified grab test procedures, refer
strength. Syn. force-at-break.)
to Test Method D 5034.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Materials that are brittle usually rup-
NOTE 2—For determination of the breaking force and elongation of
ture at the maximum force. Materials that are ductile usually
some specific types of fabrics which use the strip test, refer to Specifica-
experience a maximum force before rupturing.
tions D 579 and D 580.
3.1.2 breaking load, n—deprecated term. Use breaking
1.3 This test method shows the values in both inch-pound
force.
units and SI units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct
3.1.3 constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) tensile testing
name for the customary units used in the United States. SI units
machine—a testing machine in which the rate of increase of
is the technically correct name for the system of metric units
specimen length is uniform with time.
known as the International System of Units. The values stated
3.1.4 constant-rate-of-load (CRL) tensile testing
in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be
machine—a testing machine in which the rate of increase of the
regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each
load being applied to the specimen is uniform with time after
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
the first 3 s.
must be used independently of the other, without combining in
3.1.5 constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) tensile testing
any way.
machine—a testing machine in which the pulling clamp moves
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
at a uniform rate and the load is applied through the other
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
clamp which moves appreciably to actuate a weighing mecha-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
nism, so that the rate of increase of load or elongation is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
dependent upon the extension characteristics of the specimen.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.6 cut strip test, n—in fabric testing, a strip test in which
the specimen is cut to the specified testing width.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.7 elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material
2.1 ASTM Standards:
to the length of the material prior to stretching, expressed as a
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
percent.
tiles
2 3.1.8 extension, n—the change in length of a material due to
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
stretching. (Compare elongation.)
3.1.9 raveled strip test, n—in fabric testing, a strip test in
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles which the specimen is cut wider than the specified testing
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
width and an approximately even number of yarns are removed
Specific.
from each side to obtain the required testing width.
Current edition approved May 15, 1995. Published July 1995. Replaces strip
testing sections, Sections 17 through 20, of Test Method D 1682. Originally
published as D 5035 – 90. Last previous edition D 5035 – 90.
2 3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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D 5035
3.1.10 strip test, n—in fabric testing, a tensile test in which a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens
the full width of the specimen is gripped in the clamps. should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
3.1.11 tensile test, n—in textiles, a test in which a textile laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
material is stretched in one direction to determine the load- laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
elongation characteristics, the breaking load, or the breaking unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
elongation. two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
3.1.11.1 Discussion—Other ASTM Committees consider cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the
tensile tests as defined above to be “tension tests.” supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of
the known bias.
The tearing test is not regarded as a tensile test.
5.2 The method is not recommended for knitted fabrics
3.1.12 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
because of their high stretch.
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
5.3 Some modification of the techniques may be necessary
for any fabric having a strength in excess of 200 N/cm (1140
4. Summary of Test Method
lbf/in.) width. Special precautionary measures are provided for
4.1 A test specimen is clamped in a tensile testing machine
use when necessary with strong fabrics, or fabrics made from
and a force applied to the specimen until it breaks. Values for
glass fibers (see Specification D 579), to prevent them from
the breaking force and elongation of the test specimen are
slipping in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being
obtained from machine scales, dials, autographic recording
gripped in the clamps.
charts, or a computer interfaced with the testing machine.
5.4 All of the procedures are applicable for testing fabrics
4.2 This test method describes procedures for carrying out
either conditioned or wet.
fabric tensile tests using four types of specimen, and three
5.5 Comparison of results from tensile testing machines
alternative types of testing machines. For reporting, use the
operating on different principles is not recommended. When
following system to identify specific specimen and machine
different types of machines are used for comparison testing,
combinations.
constant time-to-break at 206 3 s is the established way of
4.2.1 Type of specimen:
producing data. Even then the data may differ significantly.
4.2.1.1 1R—25 mm (1.0 in.) raveled strip test
5.6 Although a constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing
4.2.1.2 2R—50 mm (2.0 in.) raveled strip test
machine is preferred in these methods, in cases of dispute,
4.2.1.3 1C—25 mm (1.0 in.) cut strip test
unless there is agreement to the contrary between the purchaser
4.2.1.4 2C—50 mm (2.0 in.) cut strip test
and supplier, a constant-time-to-break (20 6 3 s) is to be used.
4.2.2 Type of tensile testing machine:
5.7 The raveled strip procedure is applicable to the deter-
4.2.2.1 E—constant-rate-of-extension (CRE)
mination of the force required to break a specific width of
4.2.2.2 L—constant-rate-of-load (CRL)
fabric. The breaking force information on woven fabrics is
4.2.2.3 T—constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT)
particularly useful for comparison of the effective strength of
4.2.3 Possible combinations can be identified as follows:
the yarns in the fabric with the combined strength of an equal
Type of Tester number of the same yarns which are not woven. The procedure
is not recommended for fabrics having less than 20 yarns
Constant-Rate- Constant-Rate- Constant-Rate-
Test Specimen of-Extension of-Load of-Traverse
across the width of the specimen. If a 20-yarns-per-specimen
25-mm (1-in.) raveled strip 1R-E 1R-L 1R-T width cannot be obtained with a 25-mm (1-in.) strip, a 50-mm
50-mm (2-in.) raveled strip 2R-E 2R-L 2R-T
(2-in.) strip should be used. In general, the observed force for
25-mm (1-in.) cut strip 1C-E 1C-L 1C-T
a 50-mm (2-in.) specimen is not double the observed force for
50-mm (2-in.) cut strip 2C-E 2C-L 2C-T
a 25-mm (1-in.) specimen and the results should be reported as
4.2.3.1 For example, 1R-E refers to a 25-mm (1-in.) raveled
observed on a 50-mm (2-in.) strip without mathematical
strip test carried out on a constant-rate-of-extension tensile
adjustment to 25 mm (1 in.). If a fabric cannot be raveled
testing machine.
readily, use either a cut strip or grab procedure.
5.8 The cut strip procedure is applicable to heavily fulled
5. Significance and Use
fabrics, woven fabrics that cannot be readily raveled, felted
5.1 The raveled strip test in this test method is considered
fabrics and nonwoven fabrics. This procedure is not recom-
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of
mended for fabrics which can be raveled because the yarns at
woven textile fabrics since the method has been used exten-
the edges tend to unravel during testing. The recommendation
sively in the trade for acceptance testing. The same is true for
regarding the minimum number of yarns in a woven specimen
the cut strip test for felted or nonwoven textile fabrics.
discussed in 5.7 for raveled strips applies equally to cut strips.
5.1.1 In case of disagreement arising from differences in
6. Apparatus, Reagents, and Materials
reported test values when using this test method for acceptance
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup- 6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the CRE, CRL, or CRT type
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is conforming to Specification D 76, with respect to force indi-
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis- cation, working range, capacity, and elongation indicator and
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. designed for operation at a speed of 300 6 10 mm/min (12 6
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test 0.5 in./min); or, a variable speed drive, change gears, or
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and are from interchangeable loads as required to obtain the 20 6 3s
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 5035
time-to-break (see 5.5 and 5.6). 7.3.2 When using the constant-time-to-break technique and
6.2 Clamps and Jaw Faces—Each jaw face shall be smooth, unfamiliar fabrics, prepare two or three extra specimens to
flat, and with a metallic or other agreed upon surface. The faces establish the proper rate of loading (speed for testing).
shall be parallel and have machining centers with respect to
8. Conditioning
one another in the same clamp and to the corresponding jaw
face of the other clamp.
8.1 For Conditioned Testing:
6.2.1 For all strip tests or for narrow fabrics and tapes being
8.1.1 If the samples have a higher moisture content than the
tested full width, each jaw face shall measure at least 10 mm
moisture present when at equilibrium in the standard atmo-
(0.5 in.) wider than the specimen being tested and at least 25
sphere for testing textiles, precondition as directed in Practice
mm (1.0 in.) in the direction of the applied force.
D 1776.
6.3 Metal Clamp, auxiliary, weighing 170 g (6.0 oz) with
8.1.2 Bring samples to moisture equilibrium in the standard
100-mm (4-in.) width anvils.
atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in Practice D 1776.
6.4 Distilled Water, for wet testing.
Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when the
6.5 Nonionic Wetting Agent, for wet testing.
increase in mass of the specimen in successive weighings made
6.6 Container, for wetting out specimens.
at intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1 % of the
6.7 Standard fabrics, for use in verification of apparatus.
mass of the specimen.
(See Annex A1.)
NOTE 5—It is recognized that, in practice, materials are frequently not
6.8 Pins, stainless-steel, 10-mm ( ⁄8-in.) diameter by 125
weighed to determine when moisture equilibrium has been reached. While
mm (5 in.) long, two required if used.
conditioning for a fixed time cannot be accepted in cases of dispute, it may
be sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to the standard
7. Sampling
atmosphere for testing textiles for a reasonable period of time before the
7.1 Lot Sample—Take a lot sample as directed in the specimens are tested. As a guide, the following conditioning periods are
suggested:
applicable material specification. In the absence of such a
Minimum Condi-
specification randomly select the rolls or pieces that constitute
tioning Period,
the lot sample using the following schedule:
Fiber h
Number of Rolls, Pieces in Number of Rolls or Pieces in
Animal Fibers (for example, wool and regenerated proteins) 8
Lot, Inclusive Lot Sample
Vegetable Fibers (for example, cotton) 6
1to3 All
Viscose 8
4to24 4 Acetate 4
25 to 50 5 Fibers having a regain less than 5 % at 65 % relative 2
Over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 of the rolls
humidity
or pieces
8.2 For Wet Testing:
NOTE 3—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
8.2.1 Specimens to be tested in the wet condition shall be
purchaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability between
immersed in water at room temperature until thoroughly wetted
rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll of fabric
(Note 6). To thoroughly wet a specimen, it may be necessary to
to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s
add not more than 0.05 % of a nonionic wetting agent to the
risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
wa
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