ASTM A220/A220M-99(2009)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Pearlitic Malleable Iron
Standard Specification for Pearlitic Malleable Iron
ABSTRACT
This specification covers pearlitic malleable iron castings for general. The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to produce the mechanical properties required by this specification. Hardness test and tensile test shall be made to conform to the requirements specified. The microstructure of the pearlitic malleable iron shall consist of temper carbon nodules uniformly distributed in a matrix of ferrite, pearlite, and tempered transformation products of austenite. All castings on visual examination, shall be sound and free from obvious shrinkage and porosity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers pearlitic malleable iron castings for general engineering usage at temperatures from normal ambient to approximately 750°F [400°C].
1.1.1 For continuous service at temperatures up to 1200°F [650°C] design factors should be incorporated to compensate for possible property changes, as demonstrated by Marshall and Sommer and by Pearson.
1.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and process details, no quantitative relationship can be stated between the properties of the iron in the various locations of a casting and those of a test bar cast from the same iron.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A220/A220M −99(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Specification for
Pearlitic Malleable Iron
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA220/A220M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E140Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
1.1 This specification covers pearlitic malleable iron cast-
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and
ingsforgeneralengineeringusageattemperaturesfromnormal
Scleroscope Hardness
ambient to approximately 750°F [400°C].
2.2 Military Standard:
1.1.1 For continuous service at temperatures up to 1200°F
MIL-STD-129Marking for Shipment and Storage
[650°C] design factors should be incorporated to compensate
2.3 Federal Standard:
for possible property changes, as demonstrated by Marshall
2 3
Fed. Std. No. 123Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
and Sommer and by Pearson.
1.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and process
3. Terminology
details, no quantitative relationship can be stated between the
3.1 Definitions:
properties of the iron in the various locations of a casting and
3.1.1 Definitions for many terms common to iron castings
those of a test bar cast from the same iron.
are found in Terminology A644.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
4. Classification
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
4.1 Iron produced for castings ordered under this specifica-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
tionisclassifiedinanumberofgradesasshowninTable1and
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
isqualifiedbytestsonseparatelycasttestbars.Separatelycast
with the standard.
test bars shall be poured from the same lot of iron as the
castings they represent and shall be heat treated with those
2. Referenced Documents
castings.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Ordering Information
A247Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of
Graphite in Iron Castings
5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under this
A644Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
specification shall state the specification designation, the year
E8Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
inwhichthespecificationwasissued,andthegradeofpearlitic
E10Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
malleable iron to be supplied.
E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
5.2 Any options or special additions to the basic require-
terials
ments of this specification shall be clearly and fully stipulated.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron 6. Chemical Composition
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable and
6.1 Thechemicalcompositionoftheironshallbesuchasto
Ductile Iron Castings.
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally
produce the mechanical properties required by this specifica-
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as A220/A220M–99
tion.
(2004). DOI: 10.1520/A0220_A0220M-99R09.
Marshall, L. C., and Sommer, G. F., “Stress-Rupture Properties of Malleable
7. Mechanical Requirements
Iron at Elevated Temperatures,” Proceedings, American Society of Testing and
Materials, Vol 58, pp. 752–773.
7.1 Factors influencing the properties of castings and their
Pearson, D.A., “Stress-Rupture and Elongation Properties of Malleable Iron at
relationship to those of test specimens and separate test
ElevatedTemperatures,”Transactions,70thCastingsCongressandExposition,May
castings are discussed in Appendix X1.
9, 1966.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
the ASTM website. Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A220/A220M−99 (2009)
TABLE 1 Tensile Test Requirements
Inch-Pound Grades
Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, min Elongation, mn
English
min
Grade
psi psi 2 in., %
40010 60 000 40 000 10
45008 65 000 45 000 8
45006 65 000 45 000 6
50005 70 000 50 000 5
60004 80 000 60 000 4
70003 85 000 70 000 3
80002 95 000 80 000 2
90001 105 000 90 000 1
Metric Grades
NOTE 1—Modification may be made in the dimensions indicated above
Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, min Elongation, min
for those details of the specimen outside of the gauge length as required
Metric
min
by testing procedure and equipment.
Grade
MPa MPa 50 mm, %
FIG. 2Alternative Unmachined Tension Test Specimen
280M10 400 280 10
310M8 450 310 8
310M6 450 310 6
340M5 480 340 5
410M4 550 410 4
480M3 590 480 3
550M2 650 550 2
620M1 720 620 1
7.2 Tensile Test:
7.2.1 Tensile Test Specimens:
7.2.1.1 The tensile test specimens shall be cast to the form
and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2 using the same kind
NOTE 1—The gauge length and filets shall be as shown, but the ends
of molding material used for the production castings.
maybeofanyshapetofittheholdersofthetestingmachineinsuchaway
that the load shall be axial.The reduced section shall have a gradual taper
7.2.1.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identified with
from the ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0.005 in. [0.08 to
the designation of the pour period.
0.13 mm] larger in diameter than the center.
7.2.1.3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the same
FIG. 3Machined Tension Test Specimen
productionfurnaceandforthesamecyclesasthecastingsthey
represent.
7.2.2.5 Yield Strength—Yield strength may be determined
7.2.2 Tensile Test Method:
by any of the approved techniques described in Test Methods
7.2.2.1 The tensile test is usually performed on unmachined
E8. In referee work it shall be determined at an offset of 0.2%
specimens. However, for referee work the specimen may be
from the stress-strain curve.Yield strength shall be reported to
machined from the standard cast bar to the dimensions shown
the nearest 100 psi [megapascal].
in Fig. 3.
7.2.2.6 Tensile Strength—The tensile strength shall be the
7.2.2.2 Gauge Length—The gauge length of the standard
maximum load carried by the specimen during the test divided
tensile specimen shall be 2.00 6 0.01 in. [50.0 6 0.3 mm].
by the original cross-sectional area of the gauge length, as
7.2.2.3 Cross-Sectional Area—The diameter used to com-
found in accordance with 7.2.2.3. It shall be reported to the
pute the cross-sectional area shall be the average between the
nearest 100 psi [megapascal].
largest and smallest diameter in that section of the 2-in.
7.2.2.7 Elongation—Theincreaseingaugelengthafterfrac-
[50-mm] gauge length having the smallest diameter and shall
ture of a tensile specimen, measured to the nearest 0.01 in.
be measured to the nearest 0.001 in. [0.02 mm]. No cast bar
19 [0.25 mm] expressed as a percentage of the original gauge
having a mean diameter less than ⁄32 in. [15 mm] shall be
length. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5%.
accepted for test.
7.2.3 Number of Tests and Retests:
7.2.2.4 Speed of Testing—After reaching a stress equivalent
7.2.3.1 At least three tensile test specimens shall be cast
to approximately half of the anticipated yield stress, the speed
from a representative ladle of iron from each 4-h pour period
of the moving head of the testing machine shall not exceed
during which the purchaser’s castings were poured.
0.50 in./mm [12.5 mm/min] through the breaking load.
7.2.3.2 Only one test specimen need be tested to qualify
each pour period and heat treatment batch provided the
requirementsofthisspecificationaremetbythattestspecimen.
7.2.3.3 If after testing, a specimen shows evidence of a
defect, another tensile test may be made on a companion
specimen. Also, a retest shall be permitted whenever fracture
occurs outside the central 50% of the gauge length.
7.2.3.4 If the result of a valid test fails to conform to the
FIG. 1Unmachined Tension Test Specimen requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If
A220/A220M−99 (2009)
A
TABLE 2 Typical Hardness Ranges
either of the retests fails to meet specification, the castings
Inch-Pound Grade Typical Hardness, Typical Indentation
represented by these test specimens shall be rejected. A valid
[Metric Grade} HB Diameters, mm
test is one wherein the test specimen has been properly
40010 [280M10] 149–197 4.3–4.9
prepared and appears to be sound and on which the approved
45008 [310M8] 156–197 4.3–4.8
test procedure has been followed.
45006 [310M6] 156–207 4.2–4.8
50005 [340M5] 179–229 4.0–4.5
7.2.3.5 Ifthefirsttestresultsindicatethatareheattreatment
60004 [410M4] 197–241 3.9–4.3
is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of
70003 [480M3] 217–269 3.7–4.1
castings and the representative test specimens shall be reheat
80002 [550M2] 241–285 3.6–3.9
90001 [620M1] 269–321 3.4–3.7
treated together. Testing shall then be repeated in accordance
A
Hardness test in accordance with Test Method E10 using a 0.39-in. [10-mm]
with 7.2.3.1-7.2.3.4.
ball and 6600–lbf [3000-kgf] load.
7.2.4 The results of all tests, including retests, shall be
posted in permanent records, that shall state any abnormalities
observedduringthetestandinthefracturedends.Suchrecords
shall be kept for at least one year after production of the
after heat treatment may be stipulated in writing as measured
castings and shall be available for examination by the pur-
byvisualdepletionofcombinedcarbonafterpolishing,etching
chaser or by an authorized representative.
in nital, and viewing at 100×.
7.2.5 Tensile test results, obtained in accordance with this
8.3 If the castings are to be subsequently hardened, the
section, must conform to the requirements of Table 1.
selected grade designation should be preceded by the letter L.
7.2.6 When agreed upon between the manufacturer and the
Such castings shall contain sufficient combined carbon in the
purchaser, tested specimens or unbroken test bars, or both,
matrix to respond satisfactorily to any of the common harden-
shallbesavedbythemanufacturerforaperiodofthreemonths
ing processes properly applied. A minimum hardness of 197
after the date of the test report.
HB is recommended. Free ferrite shall be as low as is
7.3 Hardness Test:
consistent with other properties.
7.3.1 If the purchase agreement requires hardness testing,
8.4 In referee work, the metallographic practice recom-
the acceptable hardness range shall be stated and a location
mended in Test Method A247 shall be followed.
shall be clearly shown on the covering drawing(s).
7.3.2 Hardness Test Method:
9. Soundness Requirements
7.3.2.1 The Brinell method of hardness testing in accor-
9.1 All castings on visual examination, shall be sound and
dance with Test Method E10, shall be employed whenever
free from obvious shrinkage and porosity.
possible.
7.3.2.2 For castings of such size or shape that do not permit
9.2 If the purchaser requires soundness tests to be per-
Brinell testing with the standard 3000-kgf load, the 500-kgf
formed, it shall be so stated in the purchase agreement and the
load may be employed; the hardness number being reported as
method and soundness requirements shall be detailed.
HB 10/500/15. In very unusual cases where it is impossible to
use the Brinell method, the Rockwell test may be substituted,
10. Dimensional Requirements
using Test Methods E18 with an appropriate Rockwell scale.
10.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions given on
Conversions of hardness values from one method to another
drawings furnished by the purchaser, or to the dimensions
according to Tables E140, that does not specifically cover cast
established by the patterns supplied by the purchaser.
irons, are approximate only and are generally inadvisable.
10.1.1 Variations of solid casting dimensions as shown in
7.3.2.3 Sufficient material shall be removed from the cast
Table 3 will be permitted unless otherwise agreed upon
surface to ensure that the measured hardness is representative.
between the purchaser and the producer.
7.3.3 Sampling procedures and the frequency of hardness
testing shall be fully detailed on the purchase agreement.
11. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
Otherwisehardnesstestsshallbeperformedatthediscretionof
11.1 The surface of the castings shall be clean, free from
the producer.
sand, and have a workmanlike finish.
7.3.4 Castings failing to conform to the required hardness
rangemaybereheattreatedandretested.Ifafterreheattreating 11.2 No repairing by plugging or welding of any kind shall
they still fail the hardness requirements, they shall be rejected. be permitted unless written permission is granted by the
7.3.5 Typical hardness ranges for the various grades of purchaser.
pearlitic malleable iron are listed in Table 2.
8. Microstructure Requirements
TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in Any Solid Dimension
Solid Casting Dimension, in. [mm] Permissible Variation,± in. [mm]
8.1 The microstructure of the pearlitic malleable iron shall
Up to 1 [up to 25] ⁄32 [0.8]
consist of temper carbon nodules uniformly distributed in a
1–6 [25–150] ⁄16 [1.6]
matrix of ferrite, pearlite, and tempered transformation prod-
6–12 [150–300] ⁄8 [3.2]
ucts of austenite.
12–18 [300–450] ⁄32 [4.0]
18–24 [450–600] ⁄16 [4.8]
8.2 When agreed upon between the purchaser and the
24–38 [600–900] ⁄32 [5.6]
producer, the maximum decarburization at any as-cast surface
A220/A220M−99 (2009)
12. Identification Marking specification, the casting(s) shall be acceptable; if they do not,
they shall be rejected.
12.1 Whenthesizeofthecastingpermits,eachcastingshall
14.2 Material that fails to conform to the requirements of
bear the identifying mark of the manufacturer and the part or
thisspecificationmayberejected.Rejectionshouldbereported
pattern number at a location shown on the covering drawing
to the producer or supplier promptly and in writing. In case of
and, if not shown on the drawing, at such a location at the
dissatisfaction with the results of the test, the producer or
discretion of the producer that the identification will not
supplier may make claim for a rehearing.
interferewithsubsequentprocessingandserv
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.