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ASTM D4857-08

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is primarily intended for the evaluation of lubricants for use in two-stroke-cycle engines of high specific output.
Note 1—If the test method is being used to satisfy a portion of Specification D 4859, refer to the specification for the pass-fail criteria.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method evaluates the performance of lubricants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines that are particularly prone to ring sticking. Piston varnish and spark plug fouling are also evaluated.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2008
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4857-03 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards
Effective Date
01-Dec-2008

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ASTM D4857-08 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than OutboardsASTM D4857-08 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards
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ASTM D4857-08 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards
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REDLINE ASTM D4857-08 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than OutboardsREDLINE ASTM D4857-08 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards
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REDLINE ASTM D4857-08 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards
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REDLINE ASTM D4857-08 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than OutboardsREDLINE ASTM D4857-08 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards
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REDLINE ASTM D4857-08 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4857 − 08
StandardTest Method for
Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring
Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline
1
Engines Other Than Outboards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4857; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D874Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils
2 and Additives
1.1 This test method evaluates the performance of lubri-
D2270Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-
cants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gaso-
matic Viscosity at 40 and 100°C
line engines that are particularly prone to ring sticking. Piston
D2622Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
varnish and spark plug fouling are also evaluated.
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D4052Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
standard.
D4629Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petroleum
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the HydrocarbonsbySyringe/InletOxidativeCombustionand
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Chemiluminescence Detection
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- D4858Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Gasoline Engines
D4859Specification for Lubricants for Two-Stroke-Cycle
2. Referenced Documents
Spark-Ignition Gasoline Engines-TC
3
D4863Test Method for Determination of Lubricity of Two-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants
B152/B152MSpecification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate,
D4951Test Method for Determination ofAdditive Elements
and Rolled Bar
in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma
D93Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Closed Cup Tester
E230Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
D235Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
G40Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
2.2 ANSI Standard:
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of DynamicViscos-
ANSI MC 96.1American National Standard for Tempera-
ity)
4
ture Measurement Thermocouples
3. Terminology
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee 3.1 Definitions:
D02.B0.06 on Two-Stroke Cycle Gasoline.
3.1.1 cold sticking—of piston rings,aconditioninwhichthe
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originally
ring is free in its groove while the engine is running but stuck
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4857–03. DOI:
when the piston is cold, normally indicated by the absence of
10.1520/D4857-08.
2
Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center varnish or other deposits on the outer face of the ring and of
will update changes in this test method by means of Information Letters.These can
signs of blowby on the piston skirt.
beobtainedfromtheASTMTestMonitoringCenter,6555PennAve.,Pittsburgh,PA
3.1.2 combustion chamber—in reciprocating internal com-
15206-4489. Attention: Administrator. This edition incorporates revisions in all
Information Letters through No. 02-2.
bustion engines, the volume bounded by the piston crown and
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4857 − 08
any portion of the cylinder walls extending above the piston exchangingtheoilsbetweencylindersforthesecondrun.Each
crown when in the top dead center position, and the inner run is performed on a 25-min part throttle 5-min idle cycle,
surface of the cylinder head including a
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D4857–03 Designation:D4857–08
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring
Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline
1
Engines Other Than Outboards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4857; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
2
1.1 This test method evaluates the performance of lubricants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline
engines that are particularly prone to ring sticking. Piston varnish and spark plug fouling are also evaluated.
1.2The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B152 152/B 152M Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Rolled Bar
D93 Test Methods for Flash- Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D 235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of
Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D 874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils and Additives
D 2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 and 100°C100C
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D 4629 Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combustion and
Chemiluminescence Detection
D 4858 Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline
Engines
D 4859 Specification for Lubricants for Two-Stroke-Cycle Spark-Ignition Gasoline Engines-TC
D 4863 Test Method for Determination of Lubricity of Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants
D 4951 Test Method for Determination of Additive Elements in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic
Emission Spectrometry
E 230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
2.2 ANSI Standard:
4
ANSI MC 96.1 American National Standard for Temperature Measurement Thermocouples
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.B0.06
on Automotive Lubricants. Two-Stroke Cycle Gasoline.
Current edition approved Nov.Dec. 1, 2003.2008. Published December 2003.January 2009. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20012003 as
D 4857–023.
2
Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center will update changes in this test method by means of Information Letters. These can be
obtained from theASTMTest Monitoring Center, 6555 PennAve., Pittsburgh, PA15206-4489.Attention:Administrator.This edition incorporates revisions in all Information
Letters through No. 02-2.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4857–08
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 cold sticking—of piston rings,aconditioninwhichtheringisfreeinitsgroovewhiletheengineisrunningbutstuckw
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D4857–03 Designation:D4857–08
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring
Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline
1
Engines Other Than Outboards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4857; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
2
1.1 This test method evaluates the performance of lubricants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline
engines that are particularly prone to ring sticking. Piston varnish and spark plug fouling are also evaluated.
1.2The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B152 152/B 152M Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Rolled Bar
D93 Test Methods for Flash- Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D 235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of
Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D 874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils and Additives
D 2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 and 100°C100C
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D 4629 Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combustion and
Chemiluminescence Detection
D 4858 Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline
Engines
D 4859 Specification for Lubricants for Two-Stroke-Cycle Spark-Ignition Gasoline Engines-TC
D 4863 Test Method for Determination of Lubricity of Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants
D 4951 Test Method for Determination of Additive Elements in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic
Emission Spectrometry
E 230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
2.2 ANSI Standard:
4
ANSI MC 96.1 American National Standard for Temperature Measurement Thermocouples
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.B0.06
on Automotive Lubricants. Two-Stroke Cycle Gasoline.
Current edition approved Nov.Dec. 1, 2003.2008. Published December 2003.January 2009. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20012003 as
D 4857–023.
2
Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center will update changes in this test method by means of Information Letters. These can be
obtained from theASTMTest Monitoring Center, 6555 PennAve., Pittsburgh, PA15206-4489.Attention:Administrator.This edition incorporates revisions in all Information
Letters through No. 02-2.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4857–08
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 cold sticking—of piston rings,aconditioninwhichtheringisfreeinitsgroovewhiletheengineisrunningbutstuckw
...

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1.1 This test method covers a test procedure for evaluating the rust and corrosion inhibiting properties of a gear lubricant while subjected to water contamination and elevated temperature in a bench-mounted hypoid differential housing assembly.2 This test method is commonly referred to as the L-33-1 test.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—(1) where there is no direct SI equivalent such as screw threads and national pipe threads/diameters, and (2) the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard for the definitions in 12.2, and for SI units where there are no direct inch-pounds equivalent units.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1159-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bromine Numbers of Petroleum Distillates and Commercial Aliphatic Olefins by Electrometric Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
5.2 The bromine number of commercial aliphatic monoolefins provides supporting evidence of their purity and identity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method3 covers the determination of the bromine number of the following materials:  
1.1.1 Petroleum distillates that are substantially free of material lighter than isobutane and that have 90 % distillation points (by Test Method D86) under 327 °C (626 °F). This test method is generally applicable to gasoline (including leaded, unleaded, and oxygenated fuels), kerosine, and distillates in the gas oil range that fall in the following limits:    
90 % Distillation Point, °C (°F)  
Bromine Number, max3    
Under 205 (400)  
175    
205 to 327 (400 to 626)  
10  
1.1.2 Commercial olefins that are essentially mixtures of aliphatic mono-olefins and that fall within the range of 95 to 165 bromine number (see Note 1). This test method has been found suitable for such materials as commercial propylene trimer and tetramer, butene dimer, and mixed nonenes, octenes, and heptenes. This test method is not satisfactory for normal alpha-olefins.  
Note 1: These limits are imposed since the precision of this test method has been determined only up to or within the range of these bromine numbers.  
1.2 The magnitude of the bromine number is an indication of the quantity of bromine-reactive constituents, not an identification of constituents; therefore, its application as a measure of olefinic unsaturation should not be undertaken without the study given in Annex A1.  
1.3 For petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures of bromine number less than 1.0, a more precise measure for bromine-reactive constituents can be obtained by using Test Method D2710. If the bromine number is less than 0.5, then Test Method D2710 or the comparable bromine index methods for industrial aromatic hydrocarbons, Test Methods D1492 or D5776 must be used in accordance with their respective scopes. The practice of using a factor of 1000 to convert bromine number to bromine index is not applicable for these lower values of bromine number.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7, 8, and 9.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2412-23a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of In-Service Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are often employed for wear metal analysis (for example, Test Method D5185). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (for example, Test Methods D445, D2896, and D6304). Molecular analysis of lubricants and hydraulic fluids by FT-IR spectroscopy produces direct information on molecular species of interest, including additives, fluid breakdown products and external contaminants, and thus complements wear metal and other analyses used in a condition monitoring program (1, 2-6).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of FT-IR in monitoring additive depletion, contaminant buildup and base stock degradation in machinery lubricants, hydraulic fluids and other fluids used in normal machinery operation. Contaminants monitored include water, soot, ethylene glycol, fuels and incorrect oil. Oxidation, nitration and sulfonation of base stocks are monitored as evidence of degradation. The objective of this monitoring activity is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on fault conditions observed in the oil. Measurement and data interpretation parameters are presented to allow operators of different FT-IR spectrometers to compare results by employing the same techniques.  
1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements. While calibration to generate physical concentration units may be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases. Warning or alarm limits (the point where maintenance action on a machine being monitored is recommended or required) can be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with correlation to equipment performance. These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or minimum value for comparison to a single measurement or can also be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1) .2 This practice describes distributions but does not preclude using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
Note 1: It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.  
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for condition monitoring of in-service lubricants and can be used to assist in the determination of general machinery health through measurement of properties observable in the mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number, total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitoring in-service lubricants and can aid in the determination of general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of lubricant composition, lubricant performance or additive package formulations.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of t...

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ASTM
ASTM D7216-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Automotive Engine Oil Compatibility with Typical Seal Elastomers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some engine oil formulations have been shown to lack compatibility with certain elastomers used for seals in automotive engines. These deleterious effects on the elastomer are greatest with new engine oils (that is, oils that have not been exposed to an engine’s operating environment) and when the exposure is at elevated temperatures.  
5.2 This test method requires that non-reference oil(s) be tested in parallel with a reference oil known to be aggressive for some parameters under service conditions. This relative  compatibility permits decisions on the anticipated or predicted performance of the non-reference oil in service.  
5.3 Elastomer materials can show significant variation in physical properties, not only from batch to batch but also within a sheet and from sheet to sheet. Results obtained with the reference oil are submitted by the test laboratories to the TMC to allow it to update continually the total and within-laboratory standard deviation estimates. These estimates, therefore, incorporate effects of variations in the properties of the reference elastomers on the test variability.  
5.4 This test method is suitable for specification compliance testing, quality control, referee testing, and research and development.  
5.5 The reference elastomers, reference oil, and the physical properties involved in this test method address the specific requirements of engine oils. Although other tests exist for compatibility of elastomers with liquids, these are considered too generalized for engine oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers quantitative procedures for the evaluation of the compatibility of automotive engine oils with several reference elastomers typical of those used in the sealing materials in contact with these oils. Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changes in volume, Durometer A hardness, and tensile properties when the elastomer specimens are immersed in the oil for a specified time and temperature.  
1.2 Effective sealing action requires that the physical properties of elastomers used for any seal have a high level of resistance to the liquid or oil in which they are immersed. When such a high level of resistance exists, the elastomer is said to be compatible with the liquid or oil.
Note 1: The user of this test method should be proficient in the use of Test Methods D412 (tensile properties), D471 (effect of rubber immersion in liquids), D2240 (Durometer hardness), and D5662 (gear oil compatibility with typical oil seal elastomers), all of which are involved in the execution of the operations of this test method.  
1.3 This test method provides a preliminary or first order evaluation of oil/elastomer compatibility only. Because seals might be subjected to static or dynamic loads, or both, and they can operate over a range of conditions, a complete evaluation of the potential sealing performance of any elastomer-oil combination in any service condition usually requires tests additional to those described in this test method.  
1.4 The several reference elastomer formulations specified in this test method were chosen to be representative of those used in both heavy-duty diesel engines (detailed in Annex A1) and passenger-car spark-ignition engines (the latter are covered in Annex A2). The procedures described in this test method can, however, also be used to evaluate the compatibility of automotive engine oils with different elastomer types/formulations or different test durations and temperatures to those employed in this test method.
Note 2: In such cases, the precision and bias statement in Section 12 does not apply. In addition to agreeing acceptable limits of precision, where relevant, the user and supplier should also agree:  (1) test temperatures and immersion times to be used; (2) the formulations and typical properties of the elastomers; and (3) the sourcing and quality control of the elastomer sheets.
Note 3: The TMC may also issue In...

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ASTM
ASTM D7922-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7918-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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