ASTM D2509-20a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measurement of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricating Grease (Timken Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricating Grease (Timken Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method is used widely for specification purposes and is used to differentiate between greases having low, medium, or high levels of extreme pressure characteristics. The results may not correlate with results from service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying capacity of lubricating greases by means of the Timken Extreme Pressure Tester.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.1, 7.2, and 9.4.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: D2509 − 20a
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricating
1
Grease (Timken Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2509; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3.1.2.1 Discussion—Whenthelubricantfilmissubstantially
maintained, a smooth scar is obtained on the test block, but
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-
when there is a breakdown of the lubricant film, scoring or
carrying capacity of lubricating greases by means of the
surface failure of the test block takes place as shown in Fig. 1.
Timken Extreme Pressure Tester.
Initssimplestandrecognizedform,scoringischaracterizedby
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
a wide scar on the test block and by the transfer of metal from
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
thetestblocktothecontactingsurfaceofthetestcup.Theform
only.
of surface failure more usually encountered, however, consists
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of a comparatively smooth scar, which shows local damage
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
that usually extends beyond the width of the scar. Scratches or
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
striationsthatoccurinanotherwisesmoothscarandthatdonot
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
extend beyond the width of the scar are not considered scoring
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
in this test method. The term scuffing is sometimes used as a
For specific warning statements, see 7.1, 7.2, and 9.4.
synonym for scoring.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.3 seizure or welding, n—localized fusion of rubbing
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the metal, usually indicated by streaks of transferred metal, in-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- creased friction and wear, or unusual noise and vibration.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.4 wear, n—the removal of metal from a rubbing surface
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
by mechanical action, or by a combination of mechanical and
chemical actions.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
G40Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion 3.2.1 extreme pressure (EP) additives, n—tribologically re-
active species that prevent mating metallic surfaces from
3. Terminology
adhering to each other under concentrated contact conditions
3.1 Definitions:
with high PV values. PV Product, G40
3.1.1 load-carrying capacity, of a lubricating grease, n—the
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The PV value is the product of the
maximum load or pressure that can be sustained by a lubricat-
contact pressure (MPa) and sliding velocity (m/s).
ing grease without failure of the sliding contact surfaces as
3.2.2 extreme pressure (EP) lubricants, n—formulations
evidenced by seizure or welding.
whose effects may become observable at different operating
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The values of load carrying capacity of
conditions,preventingadhesivewearundermixedorboundary
a lubricating grease vary according to test method.
lubrication regimes and are characterized by an increased load
3.1.2 scoring, in tribology, n—a severe form of wear char-
carrying capacity, or increased tribofilm strength.
acterized by the formation of extensive grooves and scratches
in the direction of sliding.
3.2.3 load carrying capacity, n—of a lubricant, the maxi-
mum PV value [PV Limit, G40] that can be sustained by the
lubricant at a reported temperature without failure of the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
sliding contact surfaces as evidenced by adhesive wear or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.G0.04 on Functional Tests - Tribology.
localized welding.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2020. Published January 2021. Originally
3.2.3.1 Discussion—The PV value is the product of the
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D2509–20.
DOI:10.1520/D2509-20A. contact pressure (MPa) and sliding velocity (m/s).
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D2509 − 20a
FIG. 1 Test Blocks Sh
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2509 − 20 D2509 − 20a
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricating
1
Grease (Timken Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2509; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying capacity of lubricating greases by means of the Timken Extreme
Pressure Tester.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.1, 7.2, and 9.4.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
2
Glossy Prints of Test Blocks Showing Various Types of Scar
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 load-carrying capacity, of a lubricating grease, n—the maximum load or pressure that can be sustained by a lubricating
grease without failure of the sliding contact surfaces as evidenced by seizure or welding.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
The values of load carrying capacity of a lubricating grease vary according to test method.
3.1.2 scoring, in tribology, n—a severe form of wear characterized by the formation of extensive grooves and scratches in the
direction of sliding.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
When the lubricant film is substantially maintained, a smooth scar is obtained on the test block, but when there is a breakdown
of the lubricant film, scoring or surface failure of the test block takes place as shown in Fig. 1. In its simplest and recognized form,
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.G0.04 on Functional Tests - Tribology.
Current edition approved May 1, 2020Nov. 15, 2020. Published June 2020January 2021. Originally approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 20142020 as
ɛ1
D2509 – 14D2509 – 20. . DOI:10.1520/D2509-20. DOI:10.1520/D2509-20A.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2509 − 20a
FIG. 1 Test Blocks Showing Various Types of Scar
scoring is characterized by a wide scar on the test block and by the transfer of metal from the test block to the contacting surface
of the test cup. The form of surface failure more usually encountered, however, consists of a comparatively smooth scar, which
shows local damage that usually extends beyond the width of the scar. Scratches or striations that occur in an otherwise smooth
scar and that do not extend beyond the width of the scar are not considered scoring in this test method. The term scuffing is
sometimes used as a synonym for scoring.
3.1.3 seizure or welding, n—localized fusion of rubbing metal, usually indicated by streaks of transferred metal, increased friction
and wear, or unusual noise and vibration.
3.1.4 wear, n—the removal of metal from a rubbing surface by mechanical action, or by a combination of mechanical and chemical
actions.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 extreme pressure (EP) additives, n—tribologically reactive species that prevent mating metallic surfaces from adhering to
each other under concentrated contact conditions with high PV values. PV Product, G40
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
The PV value is the product of the contact pressure (MPa) and sliding velocity (m/s).
3.2.2 extreme pressure (EP) lubricants, n—formulations whose effects may become observable at different operating conditions,
preventing adhesive wear un
...
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