ASTM D4031-07(2012)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The values obtained by this test method should not be used to predict similar properties in fabricated structures except in narrow well-defined comparisons, such as 16.7 tex (150-denier) polyester from the same feed yarn merge and textured on the same machine type. Attempts to relate yarn performance to fabric performance might result in poor correlations unless other factors affecting bulk such as yarn shrinkage and fabric finishing are eliminated.
Elapsed time between processing and testing has a marked effect on the results of this test especially during the first 72 h. Therefore, specimens should only be compared if tested after the same elapsed time. This effect is caused by stress decay which is known to be minimal beyond the seventh day and after which time the sample remains relatively stable. Comparisons are preferably made after the seventh day.
In the case of yarns having a linear density near the upper limit of the skein size directed in Table 3, an error is introduced when rounding off to full revolutions. Therefore, the calculated values for crimp contraction, etc., should only be compared with other samples of yarn of the same linear density.
Option A used with crimp development Condition 1 (dry heat oven at 120°C (248°F)) and light loads of 0.04 mN/tex (0.5 mgf/den) and 0.44 mN/tex (5.0 mgf/den) are recommended for textured polyester yarns. All crimp parameters may be calculated.
Option B may also be used with crimp development Condition 1 (dry heat) for textured polyester yarns. Crimp contraction may be calculated. When used to duplicate or to utilize suitable mechanical yarn handling devices, alternate skein size and weights may be used as described in 6.5.2 and 9.3.2.
Option C used with crimp development Condition 2 (water bath at 82°C (180°F)) and a light load of 0.13 mN/tex (1.5 mgf/den) is recommended for textured nylon yarns. For textured polyester yarns, Condition 3 (water bath at 97°C (206°F)) is recommended. Only bulk shrinkage is...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the change in length of a tensioned skein of textured yarn due to change in crimp characteristics brought about by exposure to wet or dry heat. The change in length, depending on procedure, is a measure of skein shrinkage, crimp contraction, bulk shrinkage, or crimp recovery.
1.2 This test method applies to crimped, continuous multifilament yarns ranging from 1.7 to 88.9 tex (15 to 800 denier).
1.3 Three conditions are provided for crimp development mediums, and loading routines are provided to be used on the yarn skeins to allow determination of yarn bulk by several different procedures.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D4031 − 07 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4031; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
ber) by the Skein Method
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the change
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
in length of a tensioned skein of textured yarn due to change in
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
crimp characteristics brought about by exposure to wet or dry
heat. The change in length, depending on procedure, is a
3. Terminology
measure of skein shrinkage, crimp contraction, bulk shrinkage,
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and
or crimp recovery.
Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849.
1.2 This test method applies to crimped, continuous multi-
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: bulk
filament yarns ranging from 1.7 to 88.9 tex (15 to 800 denier).
shrinkage, crimp contraction, crimp development medium,
1.3 Three conditions are provided for crimp development
crimp recovery, skein shrinkage.
mediums, and loading routines are provided to be used on the
3.2 For all other terms are related to textiles, refer to
yarn skeins to allow determination of yarn bulk by several
Terminology D123.
different procedures.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound
4.1 A skein of yarn of a prescribed size (linear density) is
units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each
subjected to a crimp development medium using a specified
systemarenotexactequivalent;therefore,eachsystemshallbe
loading routine.As the crimp is developed or shrinkage occurs
used independently of the other. Combining values from the
in the yarn, the skein changes in length. The lengths of the
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
skein under specified tension forces are used to calculate the
cation.
value of bulk shrinkage, crimp contraction, skein shrinkage, or
crimp recovery.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 The test method offers three options for loading routine
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of the yarn skeins. Loading routines consist of using low-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tension forces (light loads of 0.04 to 0.98 mN/tex (0.5 to 11
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
mgf/den)) that extend without removing crimp, and high-
tension forces (heavy loads of 8.8 mN/tex (100 mgf/den)) that
2. Referenced Documents
remove crimp without elongating the yarn.Alist of weights to
2.1 ASTM Standards: be used is given in Table 1. Weight option combinations are
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
detailed in Table 2.
D1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
5. Significance and Use
Length Specimens (Withdrawn 2010)
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
5.1 The values obtained by this test method should not be
usedtopredictsimilarpropertiesinfabricatedstructuresexcept
in narrow well-defined comparisons, such as 16.7 tex (150-
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
denier) polyester from the same feed yarn merge and textured
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
onthesamemachinetype.Attemptstorelateyarnperformance
Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4031 – 07. DOI:
to fabric performance might result in poor correlations unless
10.1520/D4031-07R12.
other factors affecting bulk such as yarn shrinkage and fabric
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
finishing are eliminated.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
5.2 Elapsed time between processing and testing has a
the ASTM website.
marked effect on the results of this test especially during the
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. first 72 h. Therefore, specimens should only be compared if
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4031 − 07 (2012)
TABLE 1 Tension Forces Used and Required Weights
5.5 Option B may also be used with crimp development
Weight Required in Grams Condition 1 (dry heat) for textured polyester yarns. Crimp
Tension-mN/tex mgf/den A B
1.7 to 44.4 tex 44.5 to 89.0 tex contraction may be calculated. When used to duplicate or to
(15 to 400 den) (401 to 800 den)
utilize suitable mechanical yarn handling devices, alternate
For Options A, B, C:
skein size and weights may be used as described in 6.5.2 and
0.04 0.5 2.5 3.8
9.3.2.
0.13 1.5 7.5 11.3
0.22 2.5 12.5 18.8
5.6 Option C used with crimp development Condition 2
0.44 5.0 25.0 37.5
0.88 10.0 50.0 75.8 (water bath at 82°C (180°F)) and a light load of 0.13 mN/tex
8.83 100.0 500.0 750.0
(1.5 mgf/den) is recommended for textured nylon yarns. For
For Option B Only:
C textured polyester yarns, Condition 3 (water bath at 97°C
0.10 1.1 2.5 .
C
0.98 11.1 25.0 . (206°F)) is recommended. Only bulk shrinkage is calculated.
C
9.82 11.1 250.0 .
5.7 This test method for the measurement of bulk properties
For Option C Only:
D
0.13 1.5
is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial
A
555.5-tex (5000-denier) skein. shipments because of lack of precision data.
B
833.3-tex (7500-denier) skein.
5.7.1 If there are differences or practical significance be-
C
For 250-tex (2250-denier) skein.
D tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
Variable, see Eq 1.
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
TABLE 2 Weight Option Combinations
assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homoge-
neous as possible, drawn from the material from which the
Loading
Recommended
Before During After Results
disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in
Option Crimp Develop-
Develop- Develop- Develop- Obtained
ment Condition equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results
ment ment ment
from the two laboratories should be compared using a statis-
A light light light 1 CCBD,
heavy heavy CCAD
tical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior
light SS, CR
to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be
B . none heavy 1 CCAD
foundandcorrected,orfuturetestresultsforthatmaterialmust
light
2nd light
be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
C light light light 2 or 3 BKS
6. Apparatus
6.1 Skein Reel:
6.1.1 General—Ahand or motor-driven reel having a speci-
tested after the same elapsed time. This effect is caused by
fied perimeter. The reel shall be fitted with a traversing
stress decay which is known to be minimal beyond the seventh
mechanism that will avoid bunching the successive wraps, and
day and after which time the sample remains relatively stable.
with an indicator of the length wound.Awarning bell that will
Comparisons are preferably made after the seventh day.
ring at a specified length is recommended.Acollapsible arm is
5.3 In the case of yarns having a linear density near the
recommended for ease of removal of skeins. A revolution
upper limit of the skein size directed in Table 3, an error is
counter is also recommended.
introduced when rounding off to full revolutions. Therefore,
6.1.2 Reel Perimeter—The perimeter shall be 1.0 m (1.09
thecalculatedvaluesforcrimpcontraction,etc.,shouldonlybe
yd) with a tolerance of 62 %. By agreement between pur-
compared with other samples of yarn of the same linear
chaser and supplier, reels may be used having any perimeter
density.
between 0.9 to 2.3 m (1 to 2.5 yd).
6.1.3 Yarn Tensioning—To minimize differences in yarn
5.4 OptionAusedwithcrimpdevelopmentCondition1(dry
tensioning a motor driven unit with speeds at 150 6 20
heat oven at 120°C (248°F)) and light loads of 0.04 mN/tex
revolutions/min is recommended.Tensions should be as low as
(0.5 mgf/den) and 0.44 mN/tex (5.0 mgf/den) are recom-
possible and no additional tensioning device is required for a
mendedfortexturedpolyesteryarns.Allcrimpparametersmay
motor driven reel. For a hand driven reel additional tensioning
be calculated.
may be needed for yarn control. In no case should the tension
exceed 13 mN/tex (0.15 gf/den).
TABLE 3 Total Size (Linear Density) of Skein
6.2 Measuring Stand—A stand with a measuring scale, in
A
Linear Density of Yarn Linear Density of Skein
mm, and a hook to position the skein vertically in line with the
Options A, B, C:
scale zero.
1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400 denier) 555.5 tex (5000 denier)
44.5 to 89.0 tex (401 to 800 denier) 833.5 tex (7500 denier)
Option B Only (for mechanical device):
The sole source of supply of the Textured Yarn Apparatus known to the
1.7 to 44.4 text (15 to 400 denier) 250 tex (2250 denier)
committee at this time is Lawson-Hemphill Sales, Inc., PO Drawer 6388,
Option C Only:
Spartanburg, SC 29304 or (International Sales) Lawson-Hemphill, Inc., 96 Hadwin
B
1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400 denier)
Street, Central Falls, Rhode Island, 02863. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,
A
pleaseprovidethisinformationtoASTMHeadquarters.Yourcommentswillreceive
See Eq 2, and Note 1.
B
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which
100 Revolutions, linear density of skein varies.
you may attend.
D4031 − 07 (2012)
6.3 Heating Rack—A rack to support skeins during treat- relative humidity as directed in Practice D1776 (7.3 and 7.5),
ment and while cooling or drying. The rack and measuring prior to winding skeins.
stand may be combined in one piece.
9. Preparation of Test Specimens
6.4 Mechanical Yarn Handling Device.
9.1 Determine linear density of yarn by either of Test
6.5 Weights, which have a mass accurate to 60.1 g, for
Methods D1059 or Test Method D1907, unless known.
tensioning skeins:
9.2 Strip approximately 30 m (30 yd) of yarn from each
6.5.1 For Options A, B, and C, having mass dependent on
package and prepare skeins in the standard atmosphere for
yarn denier as shown below and listed in Table 1:
testing textiles as directed in 9.3.
6.5.1.1 1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400 denier): 2.5, 7.5, 12.5,
25.0, 50.0 and 500.0 g.
9.3 Skein Sizes:
6.5.1.2 44.5 to 93.3 tex (401 to 840 denier): 3.8, 11.3, 18.8,
9.3.1 Options A, B, and C—Reel the skeins as directed in
37.5, 75.0, and 750 g.
Table 3 (see Eq 2). The number of turns required for a skein
6.5.2 For Option B only, where suitable mechanical device
size (linear density) of 555.5 tex (5000 denier) and yarn linear
is utilized or duplicated, a variation in skein size loading is
densitiesof1.7to44.4tex(15to400denier)aregiveninTable
used as shown in Table 1 and below.
4. For higher tex up to 89.0 tex (800 denier), the number of
6.5.2.1 1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400 denier): 2.5, 27.5 and 250
wrapsperskeinisdeterminedusingEq2,raisinganyfractional
g.
wrap result to the next highest whole number.
6.5.3 For Option C, calculate the mass required, using Eq 1.
R 5 S/2D (2)
W 5 2 3 T L 3 R (1)
~ !~ !
where:
where:
R = number of reel revolutions required in the skein,
W = mass, g,
S = size (linear density) of the skein, tex (denier),
T = tension, mN/tex (gf/den),
D = yarn linear density, tex (denier), and
2 =
L = yarn linear density, tex (denier), and
number of legs of skein.
R = 100, the number of reel revolutions.
NOTE 1—It is understood that the actual linear density of the reel skeins
6.6 Equipment for Developing Crimp by the Specified Con-
is not equal to the size (linear density) selected for the calculation of reel
revolutions.The use of linear density to describe the total size of the skein
dition:
is common in the textured yarn industry.
6.6.1 Oven—For crimp development Condition 1, an oven
with temperature controls to maintain a temperature of 120 6 9.3.2 Option B—Where suitable mechanical device is uti-
2°C (250 6 4°F) and large enough to hold skeins and attached lizedorduplicatedfordeniers1.7to44.4tex(15to400),a250
weights vertically without the weights touching the oven floor. tex (2250 total skein denier) may be used. Calculate the
number of revolutions, using Eq 2.
6.6.2 Waterbath—For crimp development Conditions 2 and
3, a water bath capable of maintaining a water temperature of 9.3.3 Option C—In the case of a reel having a 1-m circum-
ference where a skein of 100 m is used the number of
82 6 2°C (180 6 4°F) or of 97 6 2°C (206 6 4°F), and large
enough to hold skeins and attached weights vertically without revolutions will be 100. Where reels of other circumferences
are used, a correction must be made for the number of
the weights touching the tank bottom (see Sections 5 and 6).
revolutions by dividing by reel circumference in metres.
6.7 Stopwatch, or suitable timer.
Depending on linear density and reel circumference loading
weights must be calculated in each case, using Eq 1.
7. Sampling
7.1 Lot Sample—Takealotsampleofshippingcontainersas
10. Procedure
directed in an applicable specification, or as agreed upon
10.1 Make all length measurements in the standard atmo-
between the purchaser and supplier. In the absence of an
sphere for testing textiles.
applicable specification or agreement, take a lot sample as
10.2 Test the skeins as directed in 10.3, 10.4,or 10.5.
directed in Practice D2258. Consider shipping containers of
yarn to be the primary sampling unit.
10.3 Option A:
10.3.1 Crimp contraction before and after development
7.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
(CCBD and CCAD) skein shrinkages (SS), bulk shrinkage
tance testing, from the combined number of primary sampling
(BKS), and crimp recovery (CR) may be calculated.
units, take four randomly selected packages from each con-
10.3.2 Select a crimp development condition from the
tainer. Select the packages randomly from the containers in the
options listed in Table 2 (see 5.4).
lot sample as directed in Practice D2258.
10.3.3 Select the weights from Table 1 based on selected
7.3 Number of Specimens—Test three specimens from each
tension forces to be used. A different set of specimens i
...
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