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ASTM D4031-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns

Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns

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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the change in length of a tensioned skein of textured yarn due to change in crimp characteristics brought about by exposure to wet or dry heat. The change in length, depending on procedure, is a measure of skein shrinkage, crimp contraction, bulk shrinkage, or crimp recovery.
1.2 This test method applies to crimped, continuous multifilament yarns ranging from 1.7 to 88.9 tex (15 to 800 denier).
1.3 Three conditions are provided for crimp development mediums, and loading routines are provided to be used on the yarn skeins to allow determination of yarn bulk by several different procedures.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2006
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4031-01 - Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D4031-07(2012) - Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D2259-21 - Standard Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6774-22 - Standard Test Method for Crimp and Shrinkage Properties for Textured Yarns Using a Dynamic Textured Yarn Tester
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007

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ASTM D4031-07 - Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured YarnsASTM D4031-07 - Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
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ASTM D4031-07 - Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4031–07
Standard Test Method for
1
Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4031; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the change
in length of a tensioned skein of textured yarn due to change in
3. Terminology
crimp characteristics brought about by exposure to wet or dry
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and
heat. The change in length, depending on procedure, is a
Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849.
measure of skein shrinkage, crimp contraction, bulk shrinkage,
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: bulk
or crimp recovery.
shrinkage, crimp contraction, crimp development medium,
1.2 This test method applies to crimped, continuous multi-
crimp recovery, skein shrinkage.
filament yarns ranging from 1.7 to 88.9 tex (15 to 800 denier).
3.2 For all other terms are related to textiles, refer to
1.3 Three conditions are provided for crimp development
Terminology D123.
mediums, and loading routines are provided to be used on the
yarn skeins to allow determination of yarn bulk by several
4. Summary of Test Method
different procedures.
4.1 A skein of yarn of a prescribed size (linear density) is
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
subjected to a crimp development medium using a specified
are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound
loading routine.As the crimp is developed or shrinkage occurs
units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each
in the yarn, the skein changes in length. The lengths of the
systemarenotexactequivalent;therefore,eachsystemshallbe
skein under specified tension forces are used to calculate the
used independently of the other. Combining values from the
value of bulk shrinkage, crimp contraction, skein shrinkage, or
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
crimp recovery.
cation.
4.2 The test method offers three options for loading routine
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of the yarn skeins. Loading routines consist of using low-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tension forces (light loads of 0.04 to 0.98 mN/tex (0.5 to 11
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mgf/den)) that extend without removing crimp, and high-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tension forces (heavy loads of 8.8 mN/tex (100 mgf/den)) that
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
remove crimp without elongating the yarn.Alist of weights to
be used is given in Table 1. Weight option combinations are
2. Referenced Documents
2 detailed in Table 2.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
5. Significance and Use
D1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
5.1 The values obtained by this test method should not be
Length Specimens
usedtopredictsimilarpropertiesinfabricatedstructuresexcept
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
in narrow well-defined comparisons, such as 16.7 tex (150-
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn
denier) polyester from the same feed yarn merge and textured
Number) by the Skein Method
onthesamemachinetype.Attemptstorelateyarnperformance
to fabric performance might result in poor correlations unless
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
other factors affecting bulk such as yarn shrinkage and fabric
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
finishing are eliminated.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published January 2007. Originally
5.2 Elapsed time between processing and testing has a
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D4031 – 01. DOI:
10.1520/D4031-07. marked effect on the results of this test especially during the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
first 72 h. Therefore, specimens should only be compared if
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
tested after the same elapsed time. This effect is caused by
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
stress decay which is known to be minimal beyond the seventh
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4031–07
3
TABLE 1 Ten
...

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5.3 The extension force of manufactured filament yarns is related to the alignment of the molecules in the yarn filaments, which influences the yarn processing behavior. Knowledge of this property of partially oriented yarn is useful to determine processing conditions.
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ASTM D1059-17(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length Specimens

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5.1 This is a quick method used for the determination of the approximate yarn number of short-length specimens taken from packages or fabrics.  
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Standard Test Method for Crimp and Shrinkage Properties for Textured Yarns Using a Dynamic Textured Yarn Tester

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5.1 Test Method D6774, for determining maximum total contraction, crimp, and residual fiber shrinkage in textured filament yarns is suitable for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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5.3 The twist in a yarn before it is packaged may be different from that of the yarn after it has been withdrawn from the package because of changes in tension and the effect of the method of withdrawal. If the yarn is withdrawn over-end, a slight increase or decrease in twist will take place, depending upon the direction of the twist in the yarn, the direction of winding on the package, and the length of the wrap on the package.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
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1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
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Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

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ASTM D6612-00(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn Number Variability Using Automated Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

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5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM
ASTM D3693-02(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2731-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) is a measure of the tensile force occurring while extending a textile material within specified limits. This characteristic of elastomeric yarn indicates the resistance that will have to be overcome by the wearer while putting on a garment made of the material and is also an indication of the garment's resistance to deformation caused by normal body movements during wear. The elongations used for these measurements are typically 100 %, 200 % and 300 %.  
5.3 Permanent Deformation (set) is a measure of the increase in length of an elastomeric yarn resulting from cyclic stretching and relaxation. The characteristic is a visible indication of the realignment of intermolecular bonds within the elastic material. As with stress decay, the amount of set increases with yarn extension; however, for any particular extension, little or no additional set takes place after...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of elastic properties of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers. Elastic properties include force at specified elongations, permanent deformation and stress decay. Other hysteresis related properties can be calculated.
Note 1: For a method designed specifically for testing rubber threads, refer to Test Method D2433.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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