ASTM C895-87(2009)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted from Glazed Ceramic Tile
Standard Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted from Glazed Ceramic Tile
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
There are several test methods available to measure the lead and cadmium release from dinnerware and cookware (see Test Methods C 738 and C 1034 and Specification C 1035). These standards are used as a control to ensure the protection of the population against a possible health hazard. This potential hazard arises with improperly formulated, applied, fired glazes and decorations. This test method deals specifically with ceramic tile that are intended to come in contact with food during its preparation (for example, counter top tile).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from glazed ceramic tile that are intended for use in areas of food preparation. The procedure of extraction may be expected to accelerate the release of lead from the glaze and to serve, therefore, as a severe test that is unlikely to be matched under the actual conditions of usage of such ceramic tile. This test method is specific for lead and cadmium.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C895 − 87(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Lead and Cadmium Extracted from Glazed Ceramic Tile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C895; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope etry using specific hollow-cathode lamps for lead and
cadmium, respectively.
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of
leadandcadmiumextractedbyaceticacidfromglazedceramic
4. Significance and Use
tile that are intended for use in areas of food preparation. The
4.1 There are several test methods available to measure the
procedure of extraction may be expected to accelerate the
lead and cadmium release from dinnerware and cookware (see
release of lead from the glaze and to serve, therefore, as a
Test Methods C738 and C1034 and Specification C1035).
severe test that is unlikely to be matched under the actual
These standards are used as a control to ensure the protection
conditions of usage of such ceramic tile. This test method is
of the population against a possible health hazard. This
specific for lead and cadmium.
potential hazard arises with improperly formulated, applied,
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
firedglazesanddecorations.Thistestmethoddealsspecifically
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
withceramictilethatareintendedtocomeincontactwithfood
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
during its preparation (for example, counter top tile).
and are not considered standard.
5. Interferences
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5.1 Since specific hollow-cathode lamps for lead and cad-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mium are used, there are no interferences.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, equipped with a
2. Referenced Documents
4-in. (102-mm) single slot or Boling burner head and digital
2.1 ASTM Standards:
concentration readout attachment (DCR) if available. This
C738 Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted from
instrument should have a sensitivity of about 0.5 ppm of lead
Glazed Ceramic Surfaces
for 1 % absorption and a sensitivity of about 0.25 ppm of
C1034 Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted From
cadmium for 1 % absorption. Use the operating conditions as
Glazed Ceramic Cookware (Withdrawn 2001)
specified in the instrument manufacturer’s analytical methods
C1035 Specification for Lead and Cadmium Extracted from
manual.
Glazed Ceramic Cookware (Withdrawn 2001)
NOTE 1—1 ppm = 1 mg/L or one part per million is one milligram per
litre.
3. Summary of Test Method
6.2 Hollow-Cathode Lead Lamp, with wavelength set at
3.1 The lead and cadmium extracted from the article under
283.3 or 217.0 nm.
test, by acetic acid at 20 to 24°C (68 to 75°F) after 24 h of
leaching, are measured by atomic absorption spectrophotom-
6.3 Hollow-Cathode Cadmium Lamp, with wavelength set
at 228.8 nm.
6.4 Glassware of chemically resistant borosilicate glass to
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramic
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
make reagents and solutions.
C21.06 on Ceramic Tile.
6.5 Test Cell—Chemically resistant borosilicate glass cylin-
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originally
approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C895 – 87 (2003).
der to contain the leaching solution. An open-ended cell
DOI: 10.1520/C0895-87R09.
approximately80mminlengthand60mmininternaldiameter
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
has proven suitable.
contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on “Lead Industries, Inc.,” Proceedings, International Conference on Ceramic
www.astm.org. Foodware Safety, 1975, pp. 8–17.
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C895 − 87 (2009)
7. Reagents 8.2 Preparation of Standards:
8.2.1 Lead Standards—Dilute lead nitrate solution (see 7.5)
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
with acetic acid (see 7.3) to obtain working standards having
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
final concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm of Pb.
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
8.2.2 Cadmium Standards—Dilute cadmium stock solution
tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society
(see 7.7) with acetic acid (see 7.3) to obtain working standards
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
having final concentrations of 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0 ppm
used provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
of Cd.
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
accuracy of the determination. 8.3 Determination of Lead by Atomic Absorption—Stir the
sample (leaching) solution and pour off a portion into a clean
7.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
flask. Using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (see 6.1)
to water shall be understood to mean distilled water.
and hollow-cathode lamp (see 6.2), at the same time determine
7.3 Acetic Acid (4 % by Volume)—Mix 1 volume of glacial
the absorption of the lead working standards (see 8.2.1) and
acetic acid with 24 volumes of water. Run a reagent blank each
sample (leaching) solutions,
...
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