ASTM D4175-20
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in which they appear.
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to petroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain products from biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products, and lubricants can be found in other compilations and in dictionaries of general usage.
1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in the standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: D4175 − 20
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
DISCUSSION—Also called cutting wear in some instances such as
1. Scope*
machining swarf. [D02.96] D7898
1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of
terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum absorbance, n—logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not reciprocal of the transmittance. [D02.03] D7740
include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in
absorbance, (A), n—themolecularpropertyofasubstancethat
which they appear.
determinesitsabilitytotakeupradiantenergy,expressedby:
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to
A 5 log ~1⁄ T!52log ~T!
petroleum,petroleumproducts,lubricants,andcertainproducts 10 10
from biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same
where T is the transmittance.
termsoutsideofapplicationstopetroleum,petroleumproducts,
DISCUSSION—Absorbance expresses the excess absorption over that
and lubricants can be found in other compilations and in of a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation has
been affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, and
dictionaries of general usage.
refractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is small
1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in the
compared with attenuation by absorption. [D02.14] D7996
standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.
absorbance, A, n—the molecular property of a substance that
1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
determinesitsabilitytotakeupradiantpower,expressedby:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
A 5 log ~1/T!52log T
10 10
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
where T is the transmittance.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
DISCUSSION—Absorbance expresses the excess absorption over that
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
of a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation has
been affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, and
2. Terminology
refractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is small
2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for each
compared with attenuation by absorption. [D02.04] D2008
term showing attributions as to source and subcommittee
absorptivity, a, n—the specific property of a substance to
jurisdiction is in bold print following the definition. Those
absorb radiant power per unit sample concentration and path
showing no attributes are under the jurisdiction of Subcommit-
length, expressed by:
tee CS 95. Acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols are listed
separately in 2.2, following the defined terms.
a 5 Af/bc
1,3-butadiene—hydrocarbon product containing more than
where:
99% 1,3-butadiene. [D02.D0] D5274
A = the absorbance,
f = the dilution factor,
abrasion, n—wearbydisplacementofmaterialcausedbyhard
b = sample cell path length, and
particles or hard protuberances. [D02.96] D7684, D7690
c = the quantity of absorbing substance contained in a
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protu- volume of solvent.
berances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
[D02.04] D2008
[D02.B0] D4998; [D02.L0] D5182
acceptance limit (AL), n—a numerical value that defines the
point between acceptable and unacceptable quality.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
DISCUSSION—The AL is not necessarily the specification limit. It is a
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
value that takes into account the specification limit, the test method
Subcommittee D02.95 on Terminology.
precision, and the desired probability of product acceptance if the
Current edition approved April 1, 2020. Published April 2020. Originally
ɛ1
quality is at the specification limit.
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D4175–19 . DOI:
10.1520/D4175-20. [D02.94] D3244
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4175 − 20
DISCUSSION—In this test method,
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D4175 − 19 D4175 − 20
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Terms were transferred and updated editorially in December 2019.
1. Scope*
1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum Products,
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in which they appear.
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to petroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain products from
biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products, and
lubricants can be found in other compilations and in dictionaries of general usage.
1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in the standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Terminology
2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for each term showing attributions as to source and subcommittee jurisdiction
is in bold print following the definition. Those showing no attributes are under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee CS 95. Acronyms,
abbreviations, and symbols are listed separately in 2.2, following the defined terms.
1,3-butadiene—hydrocarbon product containing more than 99 % 1,3-butadiene. [D02.D0] D5274
abrasion, n—wear by displacement of material caused by hard particles or hard protuberances. [D02.96] D7684, D7690
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface. [D02.B0]
D4998; [D02.L0] D5182
DISCUSSION—
Also called cutting wear in some instances such as machining swarf. [D02.96] D7898
absorbance, n—logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the reciprocal of the transmittance. [D02.03] D7740
absorbance, (A), n—the molecular property of a substance that determines its ability to take up radiant energy, expressed by:
A 5 log 1 ⁄ T 52log T
~ ! ~ !
10 10
where T is the transmittance.
DISCUSSION—
Absorbance expresses the excess absorption over that of a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation has been affected for
reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, and refractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is small compared with attenuation by
absorption. [D02.14] D7996
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.95 on Terminology.
Current edition approved May 1, 2019April 1, 2020. Published May 2019April 2020. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20182019 as
ɛ1
D4175 – 18D4175 – 19 . DOI: 10.1520/D4175-19E01.10.1520/D4175-20.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4175 − 20
absorbance, A,n—the molecular property of a substance that determines its ability to take up radiant power, expressed by:
A 5 log ~1/T! 52log T
10 10
where T is the transmittance.
DISCUSSION—
Absorbance expresses the excess absorption over that of a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation has been affected for
reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, and refractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is small compared with attenuation by
absorption. [D02.04] D2008
absorptivity, a,n—the specific property of a substance to absorb radiant power per unit sample concentration and path length,
expressed by:
a 5 Af/bc
where:
A = the absorbance,
f = the dilution factor,
b = sample cell path length, and
c = the quantity of ab
...
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