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ASTM E650-97(2007)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The methods and procedures used in mounting AE sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consistent sensor-mounting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides guidelines for mounting piezoelectric acoustic emission (AE) sensors.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-1997
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E650-97(2002)e1 - Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997
Replaced By
ASTM E650/E650M-12 - Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
15-Jun-2012
Referred By
ASTM F1430/F1430M-20 - Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices with Supplemental Load Handling Attachments
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997
Referred By
ASTM E1932-12(2022) - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997
Referred By
ASTM E1419/E1419M-15a(2020) - Standard Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997
Referred By
ASTM E1211/E1211M-17 - Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997
Referred By
ASTM E1118/E1118M-16(2020) - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP)
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997
Referred By
ASTM E2984/E2984M-21 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of High Pressure, Low Carbon, Forged Piping using Controlled Hydrostatic Pressurization
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997
Referred By
ASTM F1797-18(2022) - Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated Digger Derricks
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997
Referred By
ASTM E2191/E2191M-16 - Standard Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997
Referred By
ASTM E1930/E1930M-17 - Standard Practice for Examination of Liquid-Filled Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Metal Storage Tanks Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997
Referred By
ASTM E1139/E1139M-17 - Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997
Referred By
ASTM E2598/E2598M-21 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Cast Iron Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997
Referred By
ASTM E2907/E2907M-13(2019) - Standard Practice for Examination of Paper Machine Rolls Using Acoustic Emission from Crack Face Rubbing
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997

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ASTM E650-97(2007) - Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission SensorsASTM E650-97(2007) - Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
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ASTM E650-97(2007) - Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E650–97 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Guide for
Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E650; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This document provides guidelines for mounting piezo- 4.1 The methods and procedures used in mounting AE
electric acoustic emission (AE) sensors. sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consis-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- tent sensor-mounting procedures.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Mounting Methods
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 The purpose of the mounting method is to hold the
2. Referenced Documents
sensor in a fixed position on a structure and to ensure that the
2.1 ASTM Standards: acoustic coupling between the sensor and the structure is both
E976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acous- adequate and constant. Mounting methods will generally fall
tic Emission Sensor Response into one of the following categories:
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations 5.1.1 Compression Mounts—The compression mount holds
the sensor in intimate contact with the surface of the structure
3. Terminology
through the use of force. This force is generally supplied by
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: springs, torqued-screw threads, magnets, tape, or elastic bands.
3.1.1 bonding agent—a couplant that physically attaches
The use of a couplant is strongly advised with a compression
the sensor to the structure. mount to maximize the transmission of acoustic energy
3.1.2 couplant—a material used at the structure-to-sensor
through the sensor-structure interface.
interface to improve the transfer of acoustic energy across the 5.1.2 Bonding—The sensor may be attached directly to the
interface. structure with a suitable adhesive. In this method, the adhesive
3.1.3 mounting fixture—a device that holds the sensor in
acts as the couplant. The adhesive must be compatible with the
place on the structure to be monitored. structure, the sensor, the environment, and the examination
3.1.4 sensor—a detection device that transforms the particle
procedure.
motion produced by an elastic wave into an electrical signal.
6. Mounting Requirements
3.1.5 waveguide, acoustic—a device that couples acoustic
energy from a structure to a remotely mounted sensor. For 6.1 Sensor Selection—The correct sensors should be chosen
example,asolidwireorrod,coupledtoasensoratoneendand to optimally accomplish the acoustic-emission examination
to the structure at the other. objective. Sensor parameters to be considered are as follows:
3.2 Definitions: size, sensitivity, frequency response, surface-motion response,
3.2.1 For definitions of additional terms relating to acoustic and environmental and material compatibility. When a multi-
emission, refer to Terminology E1316. channel acoustic-emission examination is being conducted, a
subset of sensors with characteristics similar to each other
should be selected. See Guide E976 for methods of comparing
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
sensor characteristics.
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic
6.2 Structure Preparation—The contacting surfaces should
Emission Method.
be cleaned and mechanically prepared. This will enhance the
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approved
´1
detection of the desired acoustic waves by assuring reliable
in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E650 - 97(2002) . DOI:
10.1520/E0650-97R07.
couplingoftheacousticenergyfromthestructuretothesensor.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Preparation of these surfaces must be compatible with the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
constructionmaterialsusedinboththesensorandthestructure.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Possible losses in acoustic energy transmission caused by
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E650–97 (2007)
coatings such as paint, encapsulants, loose-mill scale, weld 6.4.1 Mounting fixtures must be constructed so that they do
spatter, and oxides as well as losses due to surface curvature at not create extraneous acoustic emission or mask valid acoustic
the contact area must be considered. emission generated in the structure being monitored.
6.4.1.1 The mount must not contain any loose parts of
6.3 Couplant or Bonding Agent Selection:
particles.
6.3.1 The type of couplant or bonding agent should be
6.4.1.2 Permanent mounting may require special techniques
selected with appropriate consideration for the effects of the
to prevent sensor movement caused by environmental changes.
environment (for example, temperature, pressure, composition
6.4.1.3 Detection of surface waves may be suppressed if the
of gas, or liquid environment) on the couplant and the
sensor is enclosed by a welded-on fixture or located at the
constraints of the application. It should be chemically compat-
bottom of a threaded hole.The mounting fixture should always
ible with the structure and not be a possible cause of corrosion.
be designed so that it does not block out a significant amount
In some cases, it may be a requirement that the couplant be
of acoustic energy from any direction of interest.
completely removable from the surface after examination. In
6.4.2 The mounting fixture should provide support for the
general, the selection of the couplant is as important from an
signal cable to prevent the cable from stressing the sensor or
environmental standpoint as it is from the acoustical stand-
the electrical connectors. In the absence of a mounting fixture,
point.
someformofcablesupportshouldbeprovided.Careshouldbe
6.3.2 For sensors that ar
...

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1.1 This practice covers a general procedure for using the Impulse Excitation Method (IEM) to facilitate natural frequency measurement and detection of defects and material variations in metallic and non-metallic parts. This test method is also known as Impulse Excitation Technique (IET), Acoustic Resonance Testing (ART), ping testing, tap testing, and other names. IEM is listed as a Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) method. The method applies an impulse load to excite and then record resonance frequencies of a part. These recorded resonance frequencies are compared to a reference population or within subgroups/families of examples of the same part, or modeled frequencies, or both.  
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4.1 The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an examination object is withstanding the applied load, or if it is suffering from some latent damage. Consequently the emission activity must be evaluated in relation to the applied load.  
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4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors.
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5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units.  
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Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acoustic emission examination of a structure requires application of a mechanical or thermal stimulus. In this case, the system operating conditions provide the stimulation. During operation of the pressurized system, AE from active discontinuities such as cracks or from other acoustic sources such as leakage of high-pressure, high-temperature fluids can be detected by an instrumentation system using sensors mounted on the structure. The sensors are acoustically coupled to the surface of the structure by means of a couplant material or pressure on the interface between the sensing device and the structure. This facilitates the transmission of acoustic energy to the sensor. When the sensors are excited by acoustic emission energy, they transform the mechanical excitations into electrical signals. The signals from a detected AE source are electronically conditioned and processed to produce information relative to source location and other parameters needed for AE source characterization and evaluation.  
5.2 AE monitoring on a continuous basis is a currently available method for continuous surveillance of a structure to assess its continued integrity. The use of AE monitoring in this context is to identify the existence and location of AE sources. Also, information is provided to facilitate estimating the significance of the detected AE source relative to continued pressure system operation.  
5.3 Source location accuracy is influenced by factors that affect elastic wave propagation, by sensor coupling, and by signal processor settings.  
5.4 It is possible to measure AE and identify AE source locations of indications that cannot be detected by other NDT methods, due to factors related to methodological, material, or structural characteristics.  
5.5 In addition to immediate evaluation of the AE sources, a permanent record of the total data collected (AE plus pressure system parameters measured) provides an archival record which can be re-evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for continuous monitoring of acoustic emission (AE) from metal pressure boundaries in industrial systems during operation. Examples are pressure vessels, piping, and other system components which serve to contain system pressure. Pressure boundaries other than metal, such as composites, are specifically not covered by this document.  
1.2 The functions of AE monitoring are to detect, locate, and characterize AE sources to provide data to evaluate their significance relative to pressure boundary integrity. These sources are those activated during system operation, that is, no special stimulus is applied to produce AE. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used, when the pressure boundary is accessible, to further evaluate or substantiate the significance of detected AE sources.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
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ASTM
ASTM E650/E650M-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures used in mounting AE sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consistent sensor-mounting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides guidelines for mounting piezoelectric acoustic emission (AE) sensors.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    4 pages
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  • Guide
    4 pages
    English language
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