ASTM E2984/E2984M-21
(Practice)Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of High Pressure, Low Carbon, Forged Piping using Controlled Hydrostatic Pressurization
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of High Pressure, Low Carbon, Forged Piping using Controlled Hydrostatic Pressurization
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 High pressure fluids being pumped in all oil field applications often stress iron pipes where subsequent failure can lead to injury to personnel or equipment. These forgings are typically constructed from 4700 series low carbon steel with a wall thickness in excess of 1.25 cm [0.5 in.], dependent on the manufacturers' specification. The standard method to certify that these iron segments can withstand operational pressures is to perform dye penetrant (PT) or magnetic particle penetrant (MT) tests, or both, to reveal defects (cracks and corrosion). As these methods are subject to interpretation by the human eye, it is desirable to employ a technique whereby a sensor based system can provide a signal to either pass or fail the test object. To that end, the acoustic emission (AE) method provides the requisite data from which acceptance/rejection can be made by a computer, taking the human out of the loop, providing that a human has correctly programmed the acceptance criteria. Most of these pipe segments are not linear, thus a 3D defect location method is desirable. The 3D source indication represents the spatial location of the defect without regard to its orientation, recognizing the source location is only approximate due to sound propagation through the part and water bath.
5.2 The immersed 3D approach is found to be preferable due to the large number of parts to be examined. The 3D system is easily replicated and standardized in that all sensor locations are fixed to the exterior of the fluid bath. Multiple parts may be easily placed into an assembly, allowing all to be examined in a single test, thus accelerating throughput. Attaching a minimum of eight AE sensors to the tank enhances the probability that a sufficient number of AE hits in an event will occur, allowing for an approximate location determination. When an indication of a defect is observed, the subject part is identified by the spatial location allowing it to be removed for further examination...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is no longer being updated but is being retained for historical value as it represents the only AE practice using hydrostatic testing in which the sensors are not in direct contact with the part.
1.2 In the preferred embodiment, this practice examines immersed low carbon, forged piping being immersed in a water tank with the acoustic sensors permanently mounted on the tank walls rather than temporarily on the part itself. The pipes are monitored while being internally loaded (stressed) by hydrostatic means up to 1000 bar.
1.3 This practice examines either an immersed pipe, or non-immersed pipe being stressed by internal hydrostatic means to create acoustic emissions when cracks are present. However, the non-immersed method is time consuming, requiring placement and removal of sensors for each pipe inspected, while the immersed method has sensors permanently mounted, providing consistent sensor coupling to the tank-eliminating reinstallation. The non-immersed method is not recommended for the specified reasons and only the immersed method will be discussed throughout the remainder of the practice. This is similar to pressure vessel testing described in Practice E569, but uses hydrostatic means not included in that standard.
1.4 This Acoustic Emission (AE) method addresses examination for monitoring low carbon, forged piping systems being internally loaded (stressed) by hydrostatic means up to 1000 bar [15,000 psi] while being immersed in a water bath to facilitate sensor coupling.
1.5 The basic functions of an AE monitoring system are to detect, locate, and classify emission sources. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of acoustic emission sources.
1.6 This practice can be used to replace visual methods, which are unreliable and have significant safety risks.
1.7 This practice describes procedures to install and monitor acoustic...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2984/E2984M − 21
Standard Practice for
Acoustic Emission Examination of High Pressure, Low
Carbon, Forged Piping using Controlled Hydrostatic
1
Pressurization
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2984/E2984M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This practice can be used to replace visual methods,
which are unreliable and have significant safety risks.
1.1 This practice is no longer being updated but is being
1.7 Thispracticedescribesprocedurestoinstallandmonitor
retained for historical value as it represents the only AE
acoustic emission resulting from local anomalies stimulated by
practice using hydrostatic testing in which the sensors are not
controlled hydrostatic pressure.
in direct contact with the part.
1.8 Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be
1.2 In the preferred embodiment, this practice examines
used to further evaluate the significance of acoustic emission
immersedlowcarbon,forgedpipingbeingimmersedinawater
sources.
tank with the acoustic sensors permanently mounted on the
tank walls rather than temporarily on the part itself. The pipes
1.9 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
are monitored while being internally loaded (stressed) by
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
hydrostatic means up to 1000 bar.
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
1.3 This practice examines either an immersed pipe, or
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
non-immersed pipe being stressed by internal hydrostatic
from the two systems shall not be combined.
means to create acoustic emissions when cracks are present.
However,thenon-immersedmethodistimeconsuming,requir- 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ing placement and removal of sensors for each pipe inspected, safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
while the immersed method has sensors permanently mounted, responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
providing consistent sensor coupling to the tank-eliminating priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
reinstallation. The non-immersed method is not recommended
for the specified reasons and only the immersed method will be 1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
discussed throughout the remainder of the practice. This is
similar to pressure vessel testing described in Practice E569, ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
but uses hydrostatic means not included in that standard.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.4 This Acoustic Emission (AE) method addresses exami-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
nation for monitoring low carbon, forged piping systems being
internally loaded (stressed) by hydrostatic means up to 1000
2. Referenced Documents
bar [15,000 psi] while being immersed in a water bath to 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
facilitate sensor coupling.
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
Testing
1.5 The basic functions of an AE monitoring system are to
detect, locate, and classify emission sources. Other methods of E569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-
tures During Controlled Stimulation
nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate
the significance of acoustic emission sources. E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
Sensors
E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-
mentation
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on
2
Acoustic Emission Method. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021. Published November 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E2984/E2984M – 14. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/E2984_E2984M-21. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2984/E2984M − 14 E2984/E2984M − 21
Standard Practice for
Acoustic Emission Examination of High Pressure, Low
Carbon, Forged Piping using Controlled Hydrostatic
1
Pressurization
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2984/E2984M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice is no longer being updated but is being retained for historical value as it represents the only AE practice using
hydrostatic testing in which the sensors are not in direct contact with the part.
1.2 In the preferred embodiment, this practice examines immersed low carbon, forged piping being immersed in a water tank with
the acoustic sensors permanently mounted on the tank walls rather than temporarily on the part itself. The pipes are monitored
while being internally loaded (stressed) by hydrostatic means up to 1000 bar.
1.3 This practice examines either an immersed pipe, or non-immersed pipe being stressed by internal hydrostatic means to create
acoustic emissions when cracks are present. However, the non-immersed method is time consuming, requiring placement and
removal of sensors for each pipe inspected, while the immersed method has sensors permanently mounted, providing consistent
sensor coupling to the tank-eliminating reinstallation. The non-immersed method is not recommended for the specified reasons and
only the immersed method will be discussed throughout the remainder of the standard.practice. This is similar to pressure vessel
testing described in Practice E569, but uses hydrostatic means not included in that standard.
1.4 This Acoustic Emission (AE) method addresses examination for monitoring low carbon, forged piping systems being
internally loaded (stressed) by hydrostatic means up to 1000 bar [15,000 psi] while being immersed in a water bath to facilitate
sensor coupling.
1.5 The basic functions of an AE monitoring system are to detect, locate, and classify emission sources. Other methods of
nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of acoustic emission sources.
1.6 This practice can be used to replace visual methods, which are unreliable and have significant safety risks.
1.7 This practice describes procedures to install and monitor acoustic emission resulting from local anomalies stimulated by
controlled hydrostatic pressure.
1.8 Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of acoustic emission sources.
1
This test method practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on
Acoustic Emission Method.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014Nov. 1, 2021. Published October 2014November 2021. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as
E2984/E2984M – 14. DOI: 10.1520/E2984_E2984M-14.10.1520/E2984_E2984M-21.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2984/E2984M − 21
1.9 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled Stimulation
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelect
...
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