ASTM D4254-16

Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The density/unit weight of a cohesionless soil may be determined by various in-place methods in the field or by the measurement of physical dimensions and masses by laboratory soil specimens. The dry density/unit weight of a cohesionless soil does not necessarily, by itself, reveal whether the soil is loose or dense.  
5.2 Relative density/unit weight expresses the degree of compactness of a cohesionless soil with respect to the loosest and densest condition as defined by standard laboratory procedures. Only when viewed against the possible range of variation, in terms of relative density/unit weight, can the dry density/unit weight be related to the compaction effort used to place the soil in a compacted fill or indicate volume change and stress-strain tendencies of soil when subjected to external loading.  
5.3 An absolute minimum density/unit weight is not necessarily obtained by these test methods.
Note 1: In addition, there are published data to indicate that these test methods have a high degree of variability.4 However, the variability can be greatly reduced by careful calibration of equipment, and careful attention to proper test procedure and technique.  
5.4 The use of the standard molds (6.2.1) has been found to be satisfactory for most soils requiring minimum index density/unit weight testing. Special molds (6.2.2) shall only be used when the test results are to be applied in conjunction with design or special studies and there is not enough soil to use the standard molds. Such test results should be applied with caution, as minimum index densities/unit weights obtained with the special molds may not agree with those that would be obtained using the standard molds.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740, generally, are considered capable of competent and ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the minimum-index dry density/unit weight of cohesionless, free-draining soils. The adjective “dry” before density or unit weight is omitted in the title and remaining portions of this standards to be be consistent with the applicable definitions given in Section 3 on Terminology.  
1.2 System of Units:  
1.2.1 The testing apparatus described in this standard has been developed and manufactured using values in the gravimetric or inch-pound system. Therefore, test apparatus dimensions and mass given in inch-pound units are regarded as the standard.  
1.2.2 It is common practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. This test method has been written using the gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). However, balances or scales measure mass; and weight must be calculated. In the inch-pound system, it is common to assume that 1 lbf is equal to 1 lbm. While reporting density is not regarded as nonconformance with this standard, unit weights should be calculated and reported since the results may be used to determine force or stress.  
1.2.3 The terms density and unit weight are often used interchangeably. Density is mass per unit volume, whereas unit weight is force per unit volume. In this standard, density is given only in SI units. After the density has been determined, the unit weight is calculated in SI or inch-pound units, or both.  
1.3 Three alternative methods are provided to determine the minimum index density/unit weight, as follows:  
1.3.1 Method ...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 29-Feb-2016
• ICS: 93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
• Technical Committee: D18 - Soil and Rock
• Drafting Committee: D18.03 - Texture, Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4254-14 - Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2016
• Refers: ASTM D4753-24 - Standard Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D854-23 - Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by the Water Displacement Method
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D3740-23 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D3740-19 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM D2216-19 - Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM D2487-17 - Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2017
• Refers: ASTM D2487-17e1 - Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2017
• Refers: ASTM D2488-17 - Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedures)
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Refers: ASTM D4253-16 - Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2016
• Refers: ASTM D4753-15 - Standard Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing
• Effective Date: 01-May-2015
• Refers: ASTM D4253-14 - Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2014
• Refers: ASTM D653-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2014
• Refers: ASTM E177-14 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 01-May-2014
• Refers: ASTM E11-13 - Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013

Overview

ASTM D4254-16 outlines standard test methods for measuring the minimum index density and unit weight of cohesionless, free-draining soils and calculating relative density. These procedures help determine the loosest practical state of a soil, providing essential data for the engineering and construction sectors, particularly for geotechnical and foundation projects. The standard defines three methods (A, B, and C) for laboratory determination, ensuring that results are consistent and reproducible for soils meeting specific gradation and particle size requirements.

Key Topics

• Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight: These values reflect the lowest density or unit weight of a soil that can be achieved in the laboratory by standardized procedures, helping to establish a baseline for comparison in compaction and engineering assessments.
• Relative Density: The degree of compactness of loose, granular soils can only be determined relative to their possible range of densities. This index relates the measured minimum and maximum densities of the soil and is fundamental in design and quality control for soil fills and embankments.
• Test Methods:
  • Method A: Preferred, using a funnel or scoop to loosely fill molds with soil.
  • Method B: Uses a thin-walled tube to transfer soil into the mold, suitable when sample material is limited.
  • Method C: Applies to fine and medium sands using a graduated cylinder, also for limited sample sizes.
• Standard Equipment: The test requires specific molds, balances, pouring devices, and calibration procedures to ensure measurement consistency.
• Units of Measurement: The standard references both SI and inch-pound units, detailing the distinctions and reporting requirements for density (mass per unit volume) and unit weight (force per unit volume).
• Precision and Variability: Emphasis is placed on careful calibration and adherence to methods, as results may vary based on operator skill, sample preparation, and equipment quality.

Applications

The test methods described in ASTM D4254-16 are widely utilized in:

• Geotechnical Engineering: Assessing soil suitability for foundations, embankments, earthworks, and slope stability.
• Construction Quality Control: Evaluating the degree of soil compaction in fills and embankments, and ensuring compliance with project specifications regarding density and relative density.
• Soil Research and Classification: Comparing soil samples, determining potential for volume change and settlement, and characterizing bulk properties of sands and granular soils.
• Design Studies: Establishing baseline minimum densities for use in design calculations, particularly where soil mass and volume relationships impact loading and deformation analyses.

These procedures support safe, reliable infrastructure by ensuring foundational soils meet engineering requirements for density and stability.

Related Standards

Several other ASTM standards complement or support ASTM D4254-16, including:

• ASTM D4253: Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table
• ASTM D2487: Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
• ASTM D2488: Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
• ASTM D653: Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
• ASTM D2216: Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
• ASTM E11: Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves

By referencing these and closely related standards, laboratories and engineers ensure comprehensive soil characterization and meeting industry best practices.

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Keywords: ASTM D4254-16, minimum index density, minimum unit weight, relative density of soils, cohesionless soils, geotechnical engineering, soil testing standards, soil compaction, laboratory soil testing, construction quality control.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4254 − 16
Standard Test Methods for
Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and
Calculation of Relative Density
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4254; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.3 Threealternativemethodsareprovidedtodeterminethe
minimum index density/unit weight, as follows:
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
1.3.1 Method A—Using a funnel pouring device or a hand
minimum-index dry density/unit weight of cohesionless, free-
scoop to place material in mold.
draining soils. The adjective “dry” before density or unit
1.3.2 Method B—Depositing material into a mold by ex-
weight is omitted in the title and remaining portions of this
tracting a soil filled tube.
standards to be be consistent with the applicable definitions
1.3.3 Method C —Depositing material by inverting a
given in Section 3 on Terminology.
graduated cylinder.
1.2 System of Units:
1.4 The method to be used should be specified by the
1.2.1 The testing apparatus described in this standard has
agency requesting the test. If no method is specified, the
been developed and manufactured using values in the gravi-
provisions of Method A shall govern. Test Method A is the
metric or inch-pound system. Therefore, test apparatus dimen-
preferred procedure for determining minimum index density/
sions and mass given in inch-pound units are regarded as the
unit weight as used in conjunction with the procedures of Test
standard.
Methods D4253. Methods B and C are provided for guidance
1.2.2 It is common practice in the engineering profession to
of testing used in conjunction with special studies, especially
concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm)
where there is not enough material available to use a 0.100 ft
and a unit of force (lbf).This implicitly combines two separate
3 3 3
(2830 cm ) or 0.500 ft (14200 cm ) mold as required by
systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravita-
Method A.
tionalsystem.Itisscientificallyundesirabletocombinetheuse
of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single
1.5 These test methods are applicable to soils that may
standard. This test method has been written using the gravita- containupto15%,bydrymass,ofsoilparticlespassingaNo.
tional system of units when dealing with the inch-pound
200 (75-µm) sieve, provided they still have cohesionless,
system.Inthissystem,thepound(lbf)representsaunitofforce free-draining characteristics (nominal sieve dimensions are in
(weight). However, balances or scales measure mass; and accordance with Specification E11).
weight must be calculated. In the inch-pound system, it is
1.5.1 MethodAisapplicabletosoilsinwhich100%,bydry
commontoassumethat1lbfisequalto1lbm.Whilereporting
mass, of soil particles pass a 3-in. (75-mm) sieve and which
density is not regarded as nonconformance with this standard,
may contain up to 30%, by dry mass, of soil particles retained
unitweightsshouldbecalculatedandreportedsincetheresults
ona1 ⁄2-inch (37.5-mm) sieve.
may be used to determine force or stress.
1.5.2 MethodBisapplicabletosoilsinwhich100%,bydry
1.2.3 The terms density and unit weight are often used
mass, of soil particles pass a ⁄4-inch (19.0-mm) sieve.
interchangeably.Densityismassperunitvolume,whereasunit
1.5.3 MethodCisapplicableonlytofineandmediumsands
weight is force per unit volume. In this standard, density is 3
in which 100%, by dry mass, of soil particles pass a ⁄8-in.
given only in SI units. After the density has been determined,
(9.5-mm) sieve and which may contain up to 10%, by dry
the unit weight is calculated in SI or inch-pound units, or both.
mass, of soil particles retained on a No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve.
1.5.4 Soils, for the purposes of these test methods, shall be
regarded as naturally occurring cohesionless soils, processed
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.03onTexture, Plasticity
and Density Characteristics of Soils.
Current edition approved March 1, 2016. Published March 2016. Originally Kolbuszewski, J. J., “An Experimental Study of the Maximum and Minimum
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4254–14. DOI: Porosities of Sands,” Proceedings, Second International Conference on Soil
10.1520/D4254-16. Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rotterdam Vol I, 1948, pp. 158–165.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4254 − 16
particles, or composites or mixtures of natural soils, or mix- E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
tures of natural and processed particles, provided they are Sieves
free-draining. E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
Practice D6026.
1.6.1 For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated
3. Terminology
value(s)tospecifiedlimits,themeasuredorcalculatedvalue(s)
shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in
3.1 Definitions—For common definitions in this standard
the specified limits.
refer to Terminology D653.
1.6.2 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
3.2 Definitions of Terms:
recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the
3.2.1 dry density/unit weight ρ or γ,n—the dry density/
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the d d
unit weight of a soil deposit or fill at the given void ratio.
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
3.2.2 givenvoidratio,e,n—thein-situorstatedvoidratioof
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
a soil deposit or fill.
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
3.2.3 maximum index density/unit weight, ρ or γ ,
dmax dmax
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
n—thereferencedrydensity/unitweightofasoilinthedensest
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
state of compactness that can be attained using a standard
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
laboratory compaction procedure that minimizes particle seg-
methods for engineering design.
regation and breakdown.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.4 maximum-index void ratio, e ,n—thereferencevoid
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
max
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- ratio of a soil at the minimum index density/unit weight.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.5 minimum index density/unit weight ρ or γ ,n—
dmin dmin
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
referencedrydensity/unitweightofasoilinthelooseststateof
compactness at which it can be placed using a standard
2. Referenced Documents
laboratory procedure that prevents bulking and minimizes
2.1 ASTM Standards:
particle segregation.
C127Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity)
3.2.6 minimum-index void ratio, e ,n—the reference void
min
and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
ratio of a soil at the maximum index density/unit weight.
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
3.2.7 relative density, D,n—the ratio, expressed as a
d
D854Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
percentage,ofthedifferencebetweenthemaximumindexvoid
Water Pycnometer
ratio and any given void ratio of a cohesionless, free-draining
D2216Test Methods for Laboratory Determination ofWater
soil to the difference between its maximum and minimum
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
index void ratios.
D2487Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
3.2.7.1 Discussion—The equation for relative density is:
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
e 2 e
max
D2488Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
D 5 3100 (1)
d
e 2 e
max min
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
or, in terms of corresponding dry densities:
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
D 5 ρ ρ 2 ρ ⁄ ρ ρ 2 ρ 3100 (2)
~~ ~ !! ~ ~ !!!
d dmax d dmin d dmax dmin
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
D4253Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit or, in terms of corresponding dry unit weights:
Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table
D 5 ~γ ~γ 2 γ !!□⁄□~γ ~γ 2 γ !! (3)
d dmax d dmin d dmax dmin
D4753Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
3.2.8 density index/unit weight, I ,n—theratio,expressedas
d
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
a percentage, of the difference between any given dry density/
Construction Materials Testing
unit weight and the minimum index density/unit weight of a
D6026Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
given cohesionless soil to the difference between its maximum
Data
and minimum index densities/unit weights.
D6913Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-
3.2.8.1 Discussion—The equation for density index/unit
tion) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis
weight is:
I 5 ~~ρ 2 ρ !□⁄□~ρ 2 ρ !! 3100 (4)
3 d d dmin dmax dmin
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
or, in terms of corresponding dry unit weights:
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. I 5 γ 2 γ □⁄□ γ 2 γ 3100 (5)
~~ ! ~ !!
d d dmin dmax dmin
D4254 − 16
4. Summary of Test Method 6.1.1 Drying Oven, thermostatically controlled, preferably
of the forced-draft type, capable of maintaining a uniform
4.1 The minimum index density/unit weight represents the
temperature of 230 6 9°F (110 6 5°C) throughout the drying
loosest condition of a cohesionless, free-draining soil that can
chamber.
be attained by a standard laboratory procedure, which prevents
1 3
6.1.2 Sieves, 3-in. (75-mm), 1 ⁄2-in. (37.5-mm), ⁄4-in. (19-
bulking and minimizes particle segregation.All three methods
mm), ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm), No. 4 (4.75-mm), No. 10 (2.00-mm),
determinethedensity/unitweightofoven-driedsoilplacedinto
and No. 200 (75-µm) conforming to the requirements of
a container of known volume in such a manner that prevents
Specification E11.
bulkingandparticlesegregation,andminimizescompactionof
the soil.
6.2 Apparatus for Methods A and B:
6.2.1 Standard Molds—Two cylindrical metal molds, one
3 3
5. Significance and Use
having a nominal volume of 0.100 ft (2830 cm ) and one
3 3
having a nominal volume of 0.500 ft (14200 cm ), conform-
5.1 The density/unit weight of a cohesionless soil may be
ing to the design methodology presented in Fig. 1. The molds
determined by various in-place methods in the field or by the
shall conform to the requirements shown in the table in Fig. 1.
measurementofphysicaldimensionsandmassesbylaboratory
The actual volume of the molds shall be within 61.5% of the
soil specimens. The dry density/unit weight of a cohesionless
specified nominal volume.
soil does not necessarily, by itself, reveal whether the soil is
loose or dense. 6.2.2 Special Molds—Cylindrical metal molds having a
3 3
capacity less than 0.100 ft (2830 cm ), an inside diameter
5.2 Relative density/unit weight expresses the degree of
equal to or greater than 2.75 in. (70 mm) but less than 4 in.
compactness of a cohesionless soil with respect to the loosest
(100 mm) and conforming to the design methodology pre-
and densest condition as defined by standard laboratory pro-
sented in Fig. 2. Such molds may only be used when the test
cedures. Only when viewed against the possible range of
results are to be used in conjunction with design or special
variation, in terms of relative density/unit weight, can the dry
studies, and there is not enough soil to use the 0.100 ft (2830
density/unit weight be related to the compaction effort used to
cm ) mold.
placethesoilinacompactedfillorindicatevolumechangeand
6.2.3 Balances(s), of sufficient capacity to determine the
stress-strain tendencies of soil when subjected to external
total mass of the specimen and mold, having sufficient accu-
loading.
racythatthemassofthesoilisdeterminedtothenearest0.1%.
5.3 An absolute minimum density/unit weight is not neces-
Balances capable of satisfying these requirements for most
sarily obtained by these test methods.
conditions have specifications as follows:
3 3
6.2.3.1 For 0.500-ft (14200-cm ) molds, use a balance
NOTE 1—In addition, there are published data to indicate that these test
methodshaveahighdegreeofvariability. However,thevariabilitycanbe
having a minimum capacity of 40-kg and meeting the require-
greatly reduced by careful calibration of equipment, and careful attention
mentsofSpecificationD4753foraClassGP10(readabilityof
to proper test procedure and technique.
5 g).
3 3
5.4 The use of the standard molds (6.2.1) has been found to
6.2.3.2 For 0.100-ft (2830-cm ) molds, use a balance
besatisfactoryformostsoilsrequiringminimumindexdensity/
having a minimum capacity of at least 15 kg and meeting the
unit weight testing. Special molds (6.2.2) shall only be used
requirements of Specification D4753 for Class GP5 (readabil-
when the test results are to be applied in conjunction with
ity of 1 g).
designorspecialstudiesandthereisnotenoughsoiltousethe 3
6.2.3.3 For special molds that are less than 0.1 ft (2830
standard molds. Such test results should be applied with 3
cm ) in capacity, use a balance having a minimum capacity of
caution, as minimum index densities/unit weights obtained
at least 2 kg and meeting the requirements of Specification
with the special molds may not agree with those that would be
D4753 for a Class GP 2 (readability of 0.1 g).
obtained using the standard molds.
6.2.4 Pouring Devices, are used in conjunction with the
3 3
NOTE 2—The quality of the result produced by this standard is 0.100 ft (2830 cm ) standard mold and with special molds.
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
Pouring devices consist of relatively rigid containers having
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
volumes about 1.25 to 2 times greater than the volumes of the
criteriaofPracticeD3740,generally,areconsideredcapableofcompetent
mold(s) used, and fitted with spouts or tubes about 6 in. (150
and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are
mm) long. Two pouring spouts are required, one having an
cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure
reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 inside spout diameter of 0.50 in. (13 mm) and another with an
provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
inside spout diameter of 1.0 in. (25 mm). A lipped brim, or
othermeans,mustbeprovidedtosecurelyconnectthespoutto
6. Apparatus
the container that permits free and even flow of the soil from
the container into the spout, and then into the mold.
6.1 Apparatus for Methods A, B, and C:
6.2.5 Rigid, Thin-Walled Tubes,forusewithMethodB.The
size of the tubes is dependent upon the mold size selected.The
volume of the tubes shall be between 1.25 and 1.30 times the
Selig, E. T., and Ladd, R. S., eds., Evaluation of Relative Density and its Role
volume of the mold. The inside diameter of the tube shall be
in Geotechnical Projects Involving Cohesionless Soils, ASTM STP 523, ASTM,
1973. about 0.7 times the inside diameter of the mold.
D4254 − 16
NOTE 1—Tolerances are 6 ⁄64in. (60.4 mm) unless otherwise noted.
Dimensions, in. (mm)
3 3
Size Mold, ft (cm )
AB C D E F
+0.005, +0.005,
–0.000 –0.000 ±0.016 ±0.016 ±0.016 ±0.016
Tolerance
(+0.13 (+0.13 (±0.4) (±0.4) (±0.4) (±0.4)
–0.00) –0.00)
0.100 (2830) 6.000 (152.40) 6.112 (155.24) 7.13 (181.1) 6.50 (165.1) 0.50 (12.7) 1.13 (28.7)
0.500 (14 200) 11.000 (279.40) 9.092 (230.94) 12.13 (308.0) 9.50 (241.3) 0.63 (16.0) 2.00 (50.8)
FIG. 1 Details of Molds
6.2.6 Other equipment such as mixing pans, a large metal 6.3.1 Glass Graduated Cylinder, having a volume of 2000
scoop, a hair-bristled dusting brush, and a metal straightedge mL, graduated to 20 mL, with about a 3-in. (75-mm) inside
(for trimming excess soil after it has been placed in the mold).
diameter.
6.3 Apparatus for Method C:
D4254 − 16
SD Equivalents
in. mm
0.125 3.2
0.25 6.4
0.50 13
2.75 70
FIG. 2 Special Cylindrical Metal Molds
6.3.2 Balance, of at least 2 kg capacity and otherwise 7.3 The required size (mass) of the test specimen and mold
consistent with 6.2.3.3. is a function of the maximum particle size contained in the
6.3.3 Sieves, ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm), No. 10 (2.00-mm), and No.
sample and the particle-size distribution (gradation) of the
200 (75-µm) sieves conforming to the requirements of Speci-
sample (see Table 1).
fication E11.
7.3.1 Using a visual method or Test Method D6913 (de-
pending upon the complexity of the gradation of the sample
7. Sampling and Test Specimen
and operator experience, determine the percentage of particles
1 3
7.1 Priortotesting,thesampleshouldbestoredinamanner
retained on the 3-in. (75-mm), 1 ⁄2-in. (37.5-mm), ⁄4-in.
to prevent freezing, contamination with other matter, loss of
(19.0-mm), ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm), No. 4 (4.75-mm), No. 10 (2.00-
soil, or loss of identification.
mm), and No. 200 (75-µm) sieves.
7.2 Sampling and test specimen requirements for Methods 7.3.2 The determination of the minimum index density/unit
weight should not be performed in accordance with these test
A and B are contained in the following paragraphs. Require-
ments for Method C begin at 7.4. methods unless the requirements of 1.5 are met. If these
D4254 − 16
TABLE 1 Required Mass of Specimen
Maximum Siz
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4254 − 14 D4254 − 16
Standard Test Methods for
Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and
Calculation of Relative Density
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4254; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the minimum-index dry density/unit weight of cohesionless, free-draining
soils. The adjective “dry” before density or unit weight is omitted in the title and remaining portions of this standards to be be
consistent with the applicable definitions given in Section 3 on Terminology.
1.2 System of Units:
1.2.1 The testing apparatus described in this standard has been developed and manufactured using values in the gravimetric or
inch-pound system. Therefore, test apparatus dimensions and mass given in inch-pound units are regarded as the standard.
1.2.2 It is common practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and
a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational
system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. This
test method has been written using the gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. In this system, the
pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). However, balances or scales measure mass; and weight must be calculated. In the
inch-pound system, it is common to assume that 1 lbf is equal to 1 lbm. While reporting density is not regarded as nonconformance
with this standard, unit weights should be calculated and reported since the results may be used to determine force or stress.
1.2.3 The terms density and unit weight are often used interchangeably. Density is mass per unit volume, whereas unit weight
is force per unit volume. In this standard, density is given only in SI units. After the density has been determined, the unit weight
is calculated in SI or inch-pound units, or both.
1.3 Three alternative methods are provided to determine the minimum index density/unit weight, as follows:
1.3.1 Method A—Using a funnel pouring device or a hand scoop to place material in mold.
1.3.2 Method B—Depositing material into a mold by extracting a soil filled tube.
1.3.3 Method C —Depositing material by inverting a graduated cylinder.
1.4 The method to be used should be specified by the agency requesting the test. If no method is specified, the provisions of
Method A shall govern. Test Method A is the preferred procedure for determining minimum index density/unit weight as used in
conjunction with the procedures of Test Methods D4253. Methods B and C are provided for guidance of testing used in conjunction
3 3 3 3
with special studies, especially where there is not enough material available to use a 0.100 ft (2830 cm ) or 0.500 ft (14 200 cm )
mold as required by Method A.
1.5 These test methods are applicable to soils that may contain up to 15 %, by dry mass, of soil particles passing a No. 200
(75-μm) sieve, provided they still have cohesionless, free-draining characteristics (nominal sieve dimensions are in accordance
with Specification E11).
1.5.1 Method A is applicable to soils in which 100 %, by dry mass, of soil particles pass a 3-in. (75-mm) sieve and which may
contain up to 30 %, by dry mass, of soil particles retained on a 1 ⁄2-inch (37.5-mm) sieve.
1.5.2 Method B is applicable to soils in which 100 %, by dry mass, of soil particles pass a ⁄4-inch (19.0-mm) sieve.
1.5.3 Method C is applicable only to fine and medium sands in which 100 %, by dry mass, of soil particles pass a ⁄8-in.
(9.5-mm) sieve and which may contain up to 10 %, by dry mass, of soil particles retained on a No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity
and Density Characteristics of Soils.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2014March 1, 2016. Published January 2015March 2016. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20062014
ϵ1
as D4254 – 00 (2006)D4254 – 14. . DOI: 10.1520/D4254-14.10.1520/D4254-16.
Kolbuszewski, J. J., “An Experimental Study of the Maximum and Minimum Porosities of Sands,” Proceedings, Second International Conference on Soil Mechanics
and Foundation Engineering, Rotterdam Vol I, 1948, pp. 158–165.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4254 − 16
1.5.4 Soils, for the purposes of these test methods, shall be regarded as naturally occurring cohesionless soils, processed
particles, or composites or mixtures of natural soils, or mixtures of natural and processed particles, provided they are free-draining.
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.6.1 For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated value(s) to specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall
be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.
1.6.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction
Materials Testing
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
D6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For common definitions in this standard refer to Terminology D653.
3.2 Definitions of Terms:
3.2.1 dry density/unit weight ρ or γ , n—the dry density/unit weight of a soil deposit or fill at the given void ratio.
d d
3.2.2 given void ratio, e, n—the in-situ or stated void ratio of a soil deposit or fill.
3.2.3 maximum index density/unit weight, ρ or γ , n—the reference dry density/unit weight of a soil in the densest state
dmax dmax
of compactness that can be attained using a standard laboratory compaction procedure that minimizes particle segregation and
breakdown.
3.2.4 maximum-index void ratio, e , n—the reference void ratio of a soil at the minimum index density/unit weight.
max
3.2.5 minimum index density/unit weight ρ or γ , n— reference dry density/unit weight of a soil in the loosest state of
dmin dmin
compactness at which it can be placed using a standard laboratory procedure that prevents bulking and minimizes particle
segregation.
3.2.6 minimum-index void ratio, e , n—the reference void ratio of a soil at the maximum index density/unit weight.
min
3.2.7 relative density, D , n—the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the difference between the maximum index void ratio and
d
any given void ratio of a cohesionless, free-draining soil to the difference between its maximum and minimum index void ratios.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.2.7.1 Discussion—
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The equation for relative density is:
e 2 e
max
D 5 3100 (1)
d
e 2 e
max min
or, in terms of corresponding dry densities:
D 5 ρ ρ 2 ρ ⁄ ρ ρ 2 ρ 3100 (2)
~~ ~ !! ~ ~ !!!
d dmax d dmin d dmax dmin
or, in terms of corresponding dry unit weights:
D 5 ~γ ~γ 2 γ !!□⁄□~γ ~γ 2 γ !! (3)
d dmax d dmin d dmax dmin
3.2.8 density index/unit weight, I , n—the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the difference between any given dry density/unit
d
weight and the minimum index density/unit weight of a given cohesionless soil to the difference between its maximum and
minimum index densities/unit weights.
3.2.8.1 Discussion—
The equation for density index/unit weight is:
I 5 ~~ρ 2 ρ !□⁄□~ρ 2 ρ !!3100 (4)
d d dmin dmax dmin
or, in terms of corresponding dry unit weights:
I 5 γ 2 γ □⁄□ γ 2 γ 3100 (5)
~~ ! ~ !!
d d dmin dmax dmin
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The minimum index density/unit weight represents the loosest condition of a cohesionless, free-draining soil that can be
attained by a standard laboratory procedure, which prevents bulking and minimizes particle segregation. All three methods
determine the density/unit weight of oven-dried soil placed into a container of known volume in such a manner that prevents
bulking and particle segregation, and minimizes compaction of the soil.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The density/unit weight of a cohesionless soil may be determined by various in-place methods in the field or by the
measurement of physical dimensions and masses by laboratory soil specimens. The dry density/unit weight of a cohesionless soil
does not necessarily, by itself, reveal whether the soil is loose or dense.
5.2 Relative density/unit weight expresses the degree of compactness of a cohesionless soil with respect to the loosest and
densest condition as defined by standard laboratory procedures. Only when viewed against the possible range of variation, in terms
of relative density/unit weight, can the dry density/unit weight be related to the compaction effort used to place the soil in a
compacted fill or indicate volume change and stress-strain tendencies of soil when subjected to external loading.
5.3 An absolute minimum density/unit weight is not necessarily obtained by these test methods.
NOTE 1—In addition, there are published data to indicate that these test methods have a high degree of variability. However, the variability can be
greatly reduced by careful calibration of equipment, and careful attention to proper test procedure and technique.
5.4 The use of the standard molds (6.2.1) has been found to be satisfactory for most soils requiring minimum index density/unit
weight testing. Special molds (6.2.2) shall only be used when the test results are to be applied in conjunction with design or special
studies and there is not enough soil to use the standard molds. Such test results should be applied with caution, as minimum index
densities/unit weights obtained with the special molds may not agree with those that would be obtained using the standard molds.
NOTE 2—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the
equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740, generally, are considered capable of competent and objective
testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable
results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Apparatus for Methods A, B, and C:
6.1.1 Drying Oven, thermostatically controlled, preferably of the forced-draft type, capable of maintaining a uniform
temperature of 230 6 9°F (110 6 5°C) throughout the drying chamber.
1 3 3
6.1.2 Sieves, 3-in. (75-mm), 1 ⁄2-in. (37.5-mm), ⁄4-in. (19-mm), ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm), No. 4 (4.75-mm), No. 10 (2.00-mm), and No.
200 (75-μm) conforming to the requirements of Specification E11.
6.2 Apparatus for Methods A and B:
Selig, E. T., and Ladd, R. S., eds., Evaluation of Relative Density and its Role in Geotechnical Projects Involving Cohesionless Soils, ASTM STP 523, ASTM, 1973.
D4254 − 16
6.2.1 Standard Molds—Cylindrical metal molds having nominal volumes of 0.1000Two cylindrical metal molds, one having a
3 3 3 3
nominal volume of 0.100 ft (2830 cm ) and one having a nominal volume of 0.500 ft (14 200 cm ). ), conforming to the design
methodology presented in Fig. 1. The molds shall conform to the requirements shown in the table in Fig. 1. The actual volume
of the molds shall be within 61.5 % of the specified nominal volume.
3 3
6.2.2 Special Molds—Cylindrical metal molds having a capacity less than 0.100 ft (2830 cm ), an inside diameter equal to or
greater than 2.75 in. (70 mm) but less than 4 in. (100 mm) and conforming to the design methodology presented in Fig. 2. Such
molds may only be used when the test results are to be used in conjunction with design or special studies, and there is not enough
3 3
soil to use the 0.100 ft (2830 cm ) mold.
NOTE 1—Tolerances are 6 ⁄64 in. in. (60.4 mm) unless otherwise noted.
Dimensions, in. (mm)
3 3
Size Mold, ft (cm )
A B C D E F
+0.005, +0.005,
–0.000 –0.000 ±0.016 ±0.016 ±0.016 ±0.016
Tolerance
(+0.13 (+0.13 (±0.4) (±0.4) (±0.4) (±0.4)
–0.00) –0.00)
0.100 (2830) 6.000 (152.40) 6.112 (155.24) 7.13 (181.1) 6.50 (165.1) 0.50 (12.7) 1.13 (28.7)
0.500 (14 200) 11.000 (279.40) 9.092 (230.94) 12.13 (308.0) 9.50 (241.3) 0.63 (16.0) 2.00 (50.8)
FIG. 1 Details of Molds
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SD Equivalents
in. mm
0.125 3.2
0.25 6.4
0.50 13
2.75 70
FIG. 2 Special Cylindrical Metal Molds
6.2.3 Balances(s), of sufficient capacity to determine the total mass of the specimen and mold, having sufficient accuracy that
the mass of the soil is determined to the nearest 0.1 %. Balances capable of satisfying these requirements for most conditions have
specifications as follows:
3 3
6.2.3.1 For 0.500-ft (14 200-cm ) molds, use a balance having a minimum capacity of 40-kg and meeting the requirements of
Specification D4753 for a Class GP 10 (readability of 5 g).
3 3
6.2.3.2 For 0.100-ft (2830-cm ) molds, use a balance having a minimum capacity of at least 15 kg and meeting the
requirements of Specification D4753 for Class GP 5 (readability of 1 g).
3 3
6.2.3.3 For special molds that are less than 0.1 ft (2830 cm ) in capacity, use a balance having a minimum capacity of at least
2 kg and meeting the requirements of Specification D4753 for a Class GP 2 (readability of 0.1 g).
3 3
6.2.4 Pouring Devices, are used in conjunction with the 0.100 ft (2830 cm ) standard mold and with special molds. Pouring
devices consist of relatively rigid containers having volumes about 1.25 to 2 times greater than the volumes of the mold(s) used,
and fitted with spouts or tubes about 6 in. (150 mm) long. Two pouring spouts are required, one having an inside spout diameter
D4254 − 16
of 0.50 in. (13 mm) and another with an inside spout diameter of 1.0 in. (25 mm). A lipped brim, or other means, must be provided
to securely connect the spout to the container that permits free and even flow of the soil from the container into the spout, and then
into the mold.
6.2.5 Rigid, Thin-Walled Tubes, for use with Method B. The size of the tubes is dependent upon the mold size selected. The
volume of the tubes shall be between 1.25 and 1.30 times the volume of the mold. The inside diameter of the tube shall be about
0.7 times the inside diameter of the mold.
6.2.6 Other equipment such as mixing pans, a large metal scoop, a hair-bristled dusting brush, and a metal straightedge (for
trimming excess soil after it has been placed in the mold).
6.3 Apparatus for Method C:
6.3.1 Glass Graduated Cylinder, having a volume of 2000 mL, graduated to 20 mL, with about a 3-in. (75-mm) inside diameter.
6.3.2 Balance, of at least 2 kg capacity and otherwise consistent with 6.2.3.3.
6.3.3 Sieves, ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm), No. 10 (2.00-mm), and No. 200 (75-μm) sieves conforming to the requirements of Specification
E11.
7. Sampling and Test Specimen
7.1 Prior to testing, the sample should be stored in a manner to prevent freezing, contamination with other matter, loss of soil,
or loss of identification.
7.2 Sampling and test specimen requirements for Methods A and B are contained in the following paragraphs. Requirements
for Method C begin at 7.4.
7.3 The required size (mass) of the test specimen and mold is a function of the maximum particle size contained in the sample
and the particle-size distribution (gradation) of the sample (see Table 1).
7.3.1 Using a visual method or Test Method D6913 (depending upon the complexity of the gradation of the sample and operator
1 3 3
experience, determine the percentage of particles retained on the 3-in. (75-mm), 1 ⁄2-in. (37.5-mm), ⁄4-in. (19.0-mm), ⁄8-in.
(9.5-mm), No. 4 (4.75-mm), No. 10 (2.00-mm), and No. 200 (75-μm) sieves.
7.3.2 The determination of the minimum index density/unit weight should not be performed in accordance with these test
methods unless the requirements of 1.5 are met. If these conditions are met, then the mold size, pouring device, and specimen mass
req
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