ASTM D2684-95
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Permeability of Thermoplastic Containers to Packaged Reagents or Proprietary Products
Standard Test Method for Permeability of Thermoplastic Containers to Packaged Reagents or Proprietary Products
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the permeability of thermoplastic containers to packaged reagents or proprietary products under specified conditions of exposure. The exposures used are intended to simulate the normal and elevated temperature-storage conditions that might be encountered in end-use application.
1.2 This test method is applicable only to those types of containers designed to allow positive, leakproof closure.
1.3 Two procedures are provided:
1.3.1 Procedure A is specific to testing only with a standard design container. This procedure provides for determinations of rate of weight loss (or gain) and for calculation of a permeability factor.
1.3.2 Procedure B-- applies to tests of all other container designs. Permeability data by this procedure are expressed only in terms of rate of weight loss (or gain) for the particular container tested.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
Note 1--There is no similar or equivalent ISO Standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 2684 – 95
Standard Test Method for
Permeability of Thermoplastic Containers to Packaged
Reagents or Proprietary Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2684; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the 3.1 Definitions:
permeability of thermoplastic containers to packaged reagents 3.1.1 permeability factor, P —the permeability of a given
t
or proprietary products under specified conditions of exposure. plastic to a given product at temperature t, in degrees Celsius,
The exposures used are intended to simulate the normal and expressed in units of g·cm/day·m , as determined by Procedure
elevated temperature-storage conditions that might be encoun- A. The permeability factor under 23°C test conditions, for
tered in end-use application. example, is signified by the notation P .
1.2 This test method is applicable only to those types of 3.1.2 Determination of P is based on an averaged wall
t
containers designed to allow positive, leakproof closure. thickness over the entire area of the container and an assump-
1.3 Two procedures are provided: tion that permeation rate is inversely proportional to the
1.3.1 Procedure A is specific to testing only with a standard thickness. Precaution in the extent of allowable variations of
design container. This procedure provides for determinations these factors is recommended, and use of P should take into
t
of rate of weight loss (or gain) and for calculation of a consideration that wall thickness of the containers varies, that
permeability factor. the estimate of average thickness from density, area, and
1.3.2 Procedure B applies to tests of all other container weight is not exact, and that permeability of the product
designs. Permeability data by this procedure are expressed only through the plastic material may not be directly proportional to
in terms of rate of weight loss (or gain) for the particular the thickness.
container tested.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. 4.1 Test bottles are filled with the test product and, after
sealing, are exposed at 23°C (73.4°F) and 50°C (122°F)
NOTE 1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO Standard.
conditions for 28 days or longer. Measurements of weight are
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
made at intervals to determine the average rate of weight
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
change.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 With the proper precautions and background experience,
results can be useful for estimation of the loss of a packaged
2. Referenced Documents
product through the walls of a container during shelf storage.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
The test is also useful for isolating the effects of a container
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical
design and materials, and is applicable for development and
Insulating Materials for Testing
research and for specification purposes.
D 1248 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and
5.2 In the absence of adequate supporting data, extrapola-
Extrusion Materials
tions or correlations of results to conditions beyond those of the
D 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
test are not recommended because of possible product alter-
Gradient Technique
ation, solvency, or chemical effects on the plastic, etc.
E 145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-
5.3 Before proceeding with this test method, reference
Ventilation Ovens
should be made to the specification of the material being tested.
Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or
testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 on Plastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.20 on Plastic Products.
materials specification shall take precedence over those men-
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1995. Published January 1996. Originally
tioned in this test method. If there are no material specifica-
published as D 2684 – 68 T. Last previous edition D 2684 – 89.
2 tions, then the default conditions apply.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 2684
6. Apparatus
6.1 Enclosure or room with provision for maintaining the
standard laboratory atmosphere of 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F)
and 50 6 5 % relative humidity, as defined by Practice D 618.
6.2 Circulating-Air Oven, consistent with ovens in accor-
dance with Specification E 145, capable of maintaining a
temperature of 50 6 1°C (1226 1.8°F) and an airflow rate of
3 3
8.5 to 17.0 m /min (300 to 600 ft /min). The limitation of 25
ft on oven size can be overlooked, provided all other require-
ments are met.
NOTE 2—Only explosion-proof equipment with provision for adequate
exhaust of vapors should be used for tests with potentially hazardous or
toxic products.
NOTE 3—Relative humidity variation can significantly affect perme-
ability loss in many products, especially water-based products in various
thermoplastics. Therefore, the user may find it useful to equip the oven
with a means to measure relative humidity and to record the same during
the period of test.
6.3 Balance, accurate to 0.01 % of the weight of test
container and contents.
6.4 Container Seals, suitable heat-sealing laminate and
polyethylene or other suitably lined screw-type closures for
NOTE 1—Dimensions are in millimetres.
sealing the containers.
FIG. 1 Standard Container for Permeability Test
6.5 Heat Sealer.
6.6 Torque Wrench.
9.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests in the standard labora-
tory atmosphere of 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 5%
7. Reagents and Materials
relative humidity, unless otherwise specified in the test meth-
7.1 The reagent or proprietary product as specified for
ods. In cases of disagreements, the tolerances shall be 61°C
testing.
(61.8°F) and 62 % relative humidity.
8. Test Specimens
10. Procedure A (Standard Container)
8.1 The test specimen for Procedure A shall be the 4-oz
10.1 With specimens taken from the sidewalls of three of
cylindrical bottle design as specified in Fig. 1, having a
the containers, determine the average plastic density by Test
2 2
nominal external surface area of 154 cm (23.8 in. ).
Method D 1505, or by an alternative method of equivalent
8.2 The test specimen for Procedure B may be any thermo-
accuracy.
plastic container, as specified or selected for test evaluation,
10.2 For each test temperature, select a minimum of three
provided it is designed to allow positive closure.
containers. Weigh each when empty, without the closure. Also
8.3 For each procedure, a minimum of three specimens shall
weigh the empty containers with their corresponding closures
be tested at each temperature. Three additional specimens are
and appropriately sized laminate pieces.
required for Procedure A for determination of the plastic
10.3 Fill the containers to nominal capacity with the test
density.
product.
10.4 Make a thorough check for any drippage or spill of
NOTE 4—Trim and finish the containers, if needed, to ensure a smooth
contacting surface for positive seal. product on the outside surface of the containers. If any is noted,
replace the container with a new specimen.
9. Conditioning
10.5 Heat seal the containers with the laminate (plastic to
9.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at 23 6
plastic), check for leaks, and then cap the containers with
2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less
screw-type closures, using sufficient torque to provide positive
than 40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of
seal. Avoid distorting the container when capping.
Practice D 618, for those tests where conditioning is required.
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