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ASTM D1425/D1425M-09e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Unevenness of Textile Strands Using Capacitance Testing Equipment

Standard Test Method for Unevenness of Textile Strands Using Capacitance Testing Equipment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method for the determination of evenness of textile strands is used extensively for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of filament or spun staple yarn, comber laps, roving, sliver, or tops. 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Evenness values obtained on different instruments will be comparable for strands from the same sample provided the following parameters are the same in all cases: (1) the measure of evenness used; (2) the capacitive length zone L (see 3.1.5 and 3.1.5.1); (3) the sample length, Ls (see 3.1.8); (4) instrument test speed, (5) laboratory temperature and humidity conditions (see 12.1 and 12.1.1); and (6) test specimen variation. When different models of an instrument are used, and one or more of the six parameters are not identical, test results may differ.
Values of strand evenness are also used in quality control, process optimization, and together with yarn strength measurements, is the first appraisal of a strand's quality. A low evenness value is, in general, preferred. Higher evenness values generally indicate difficult spinning, lower yarn strength, and poorer fabric appearance. Experience has shown that the relationship of evenness to the prediction of yarn performance and to fabric appearance is not a simple one. An evenness value must, therefore, be used cautiously and be supplemented by additional evenness information, such as mid-term and long-term mass variations, thin, thick, and nep imperfection counts, diagram chart spectrogram chart, length variation curve, and histogram analyses.  
Continuous filament yarns should be tested for mass variation on instruments specifically designed to them.; failure to do so will result in inaccurate test results. Further, low-twist, continuous yarns tend to flatten to a ribbon configuration while passing through the condenser of a capacitance instrument. These specific instruments are designed to insert false twist in the condenser during testing to overcome the flattening effect and may result in ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the indirect measurement of evenness (mass variation) of non-conductive textile strands, including top, comber lap, sliver, roving, and yarn produced from staple fibers and continuous filament yarns, by means of capacitance testing equipment.  
1.2 Strands made from fiber blends can be tested using this test method only if the different fibers are uniformly distributed throughout the strand.  
1.3 The test method provides numeric values for the measurement and evaluation of short-, mid-, and long-term mass variations of the tested strand in terms of frequently occurring faults classified as thin places, thick places, and neps and graphical representations of evenness values in the form of diagram charts, spectrograms, length variation curves, and histograms.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2009
ICS
59.080.50 - Ropes
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1425/D1425M-09 - Standard Test Method for Unevenness of Textile Strands Using Capacitance Testing Equipment
Effective Date
01-Jul-2009
Replaced By
ASTM D1425/D1425M-14 - Standard Test Method for Evenness of Textile Strands Using Capacitance Testing Equipment
Effective Date
01-Jul-2014

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ASTM D1425/D1425M-09e1 - Standard Test Method for Unevenness of Textile Strands Using Capacitance Testing EquipmentASTM D1425/D1425M-09e1 - Standard Test Method for Unevenness of Textile Strands Using Capacitance Testing Equipment
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ASTM D1425/D1425M-09e1 - Standard Test Method for Unevenness of Textile Strands Using Capacitance Testing Equipment
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D1425/D1425M − 09
StandardTest Method for
Unevenness of Textile Strands Using Capacitance Testing
1
Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1425/D1425M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Footnotes A and B were added to Table 1 in April 2012.
1. Scope D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.1 This test method covers the indirect measurement of
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
evenness (mass variation) of non-conductive textile strands,
including top, comber lap, sliver, roving, and yarn produced
3. Terminology
from staple fibers and continuous filament yarns, by means of
capacitance testing equipment.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 electric constant, n—in textile capacitance testing, the
1.2 Strands made from fiber blends can be tested using this
change in the electrical field as measured by the sensors
testmethodonlyifthedifferentfibersareuniformlydistributed
(capacitors) of an evenness instrument when a non-conductive
throughout the strand.
textile strand travels between capacitor plates.
1.3 The test method provides numeric values for the mea-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The dielectric change is measured as
surement and evaluation of short-, mid-, and long-term mass
the ratio of the amount of stored energy between the capacitors
variations of the tested strand in terms of frequently occurring
without a strand and during the movement of a strand through
faults classified as thin places, thick places, and neps and
thesensorzoneandisindirectproportiontothemassvariation
graphical representations of evenness values in the form of
that is output to a diagram chart.
diagram charts, spectrograms, length variation curves, and
3.1.2 evenness, CV% (or U%), n— in textiles,thecoefficient
histograms.
of mass variation derived from the standard deviation of the
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
mass variation of a specified strand length (L ) over the mass
s
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
variation (formerly known as unevenness).
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.2.1 Discussion—For strands with normal mass variation
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
distribution, the relationship between CV% and U% is U% is
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
multiplied by 1.25. Although both CV% and U% are used as
with the standard.
values of evenness, CV% is considered more accurate CV% is
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
gradually replacing U% as the only calculated measurement of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
evenness.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3 imperfections, n—in textile evenness testing, the indi-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
vidual number of thick places, thin places, and neps of a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sample strand length measured by a capacitive evenness tester
2. Referenced Documents
at selected sensitivity settings.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4 length between, L ,, n—in textile evenness testing, the
b
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
length of strand segments weighed to determine evenness for
the direct method (cut & weigh) of measuring evenness.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
3.1.5 length capacitance zone, L,n—, the width of the
c
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
measurement field of the capacitive sensor.
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally
3.1.5.1 Discussion—The capacitive sensor measurement
approved in 1956. Discontinued May 2005 and reinstated as D1425/D1425M-09.
ε1
DOI: 10.1520/D1425_D1425M-09 .
field determines the length between the indirect method of
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
evennesstesting.TheLcisthelengthofstrandbeingmeasured
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
between the sensing elements at any moment. L is analogous
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on c
the ASTM website. to L of the direct method.
b
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D1425/D1425M − 09
3.1.6 mass variation, n—in textile evenness testing, the 5. S
...

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1.3.2 Option 2—Fifty turns on a 1.00 m or 1-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.  
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1 m reel, broken in 20 s.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength of yarn in skein form. The observed breaking strength is expressed in units of force, and equations are provided to convert breaking strength to skein breaking tenacity and to skein break factor.
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1.3.2 Option 2—Fifty turns on a 1.00 m or 1-yd reel, broken at 300 mm/min or 12 in./min.  
1.3.3 Option 3—Fifty turns on a 1 m reel, broken in 20 s.  
Note 2: Option 1 is in general use in the United States, Option 2 is used for woolen yarns, and Option 3 has been proposed in the International Standards Organization (ISO) for international use.
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ASTM D1425/D1425M-14(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evenness of Textile Strands Using Capacitance Testing Equipment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This test method for the determination of evenness of textile strands is used extensively for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of filament or spun staple yarn, comber laps, roving, sliver, or tops.  
6.2 Values of strand evenness are also used in quality control, process optimization, and together with yarn strength measurements, as the first appraisal of a strand's quality. A low evenness value is, in general, preferred. Higher evenness values generally indicate poor yarn manufacturing practices, lower yarn strength, and poorer fabric appearance. Experience has shown that the relationship of evenness to the prediction of yarn performance and to fabric appearance is not a simple one. An evenness value must, therefore, be used cautiously and be supplemented by additional evenness information, such as mid-term and long-term mass variations, thin, thick, and nep imperfection counts, diagram chart spectrogram chart, length variation curve, and histogram analyses.  
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6.5 Evenness values obtai...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the indirect measurement of evenness (mass variation) of non-conductive textile strands, including top, comber lap, sliver, roving, and yarn produced from staple fibers and continuous filament yarns, by means of capacitance testing equipment.  
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Note 1: Interpretation of the terms “qualified” and “experienced” when referring to individuals inspecting ropes may be debatable. Because rope evaluation is a subjective practice, it is in the best interest of the user to clearly define the needs of the user, and then to train personnel according to those needs. Needs and priorities may vary greatly between users.  
1.2.1 A rope which has been used in any manner should not be returned to service without first undergoing a thorough inspection to include rope log review, visual inspection, and tactile inspection.  
1.2.2 It is the responsibility of the user to understand that evaluation of a used rope is a subjective process. Due to the strength and longevity of kernmantle ropes presently used in rescue operations, it is perfectly reasonable, and even advisable, for these ropes to be reused on future operations unless the rope is physically compromised in some way. If the user chooses to reuse ropes, then the user should also establish specific guidelines, including and possibly in addition to those set forth in this guide, and provide training for personnel who will be responsible for examination of ropes.  
1.3 This standard does not imply approval of any specific type of rescue rope, nor does it purport to ensure the ability of any rope to function as desired. The information included here is not to be considered the only criteria for evaluating the serviceability of rescue rope  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F2116-01(2015)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Low Stretch and Static Kernmantle Life Safety Rope

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general characteristics of low stretch or static kern mantle ropes used for rescue applications, whatever their constituent material. The rope shall be fabricated from continuous filament heat and light-resistant material of industrial, high tenacity grade. Material used in the construction of life rescue rope shall be sufficient to produce a rope which meets the physical properties and performance requirements specified. Properties such as diameter, minimum breaking strength, elongation, and knotability of a life safety rope shall be determined. All rescue ropes shall have an internal marker running the entire length of the rope which includes at least the name of the manufacturer, the year of manufacture of the rope, the country of origin, and the standards with which the rope complies. All information shall be repeated at least every three feet. All rescue ropes shall include a warning label containing at least the following: a warning that serious death or injury may result from the improper use of the rope, a warning that special training and knowledge are required to use the rope, and a warning that the use and inspection of the rope shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general characteristics of low stretch or static kernmantle ropes used for rescue applications, whatever their constituent material. This specification does not apply to dynamic rope intended for lead climbing.  
1.2 This specification covers small diameter sizes commonly used in life safety applications. These include sizes 7 to 16 mm (9/32 to 5/8 in.).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units shall be considered as standard. Values in inch-pound units are included for reference.  
1.4 In the event of any conflict between the text of this specification and any references cited, the text of this specification takes preference.  
1.5 This specification may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM B637-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening and Cold Worked Nickel Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for Moderate or High Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. Chemical analysis shall be performed on the alloy and shall conform to the chemical composition requirement in carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, columbium, tantalum, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, boron, iron, copper, and nickel. The material shall follow recommended annealing treatment, solution treatment, stabilizing treatment, and precipitation hardening treatment. Tension testing, hardness testing and stress-rupture testing shall be performed on the material and shall comply to the required tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction in area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for moderate or high temperature service (Table 1).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Technical specification
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ASTM
ASTM C596-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a selected set of conditions of temperature, relative humidity and rate of evaporation of the environment to which a mortar specimen of stated composition shall be subjected for a specified period of time during which its change in length is determined and designated “drying shrinkage.”  
4.2 The drying shrinkage of mortar as determined by this test method has a linear relation to the drying shrinkage of concrete made with the same cement and exposed to the same drying conditions.4 Hence this test method may be used when it is desired to develop data on the effect of a hydraulic cement on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with that cement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the change in length on drying of mortar bars containing hydraulic cement and graded standard sand.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. When combined standards are referenced, the selection of measurement system is at the user’s discretion subject to the requirements of the referenced standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure).2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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