ASTM E955-88(1996)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Thermal Characteristics of Refuse-Derived Fuel Macrosamples
Standard Test Method for Thermal Characteristics of Refuse-Derived Fuel Macrosamples
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of moisture, noncombustibles and combustibles, and the calculation of higher heating value content of a large mass of refuse-derived fuel-three (RDF).
1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste material, including residues from combustion, from which a representative sample can be prepared.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for additional hazard information.
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Designation: E 955 – 88 (Reapproved 1996)
Standard Test Method for
Thermal Characteristics of Refuse-Derived Fuel
Macrosamples
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 955; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2 macrosample—a representative sample in the order of
1 kg mass is used to determine moisture, combustible, and
1.1 This test method covers the determination of moisture,
noncombustible content without further processing or size
noncombustibles and combustibles, and the calculation of
reduction.
higher heating value content of a large mass of refuse-derived
3.1.3 noncombustibles—that fraction of a macrosample re-
fuel-three (RDF).
maining after moisture and combustibles are driven off by heat
1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste
and combustion. It is composed of metallic and glass particles
material, including residues from combustion, from which a
in addition to the residue from combustion of organic sub-
representative sample can be prepared.
stances.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.4 forms of refuse-derived fuel (RDF): —
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
RDF-1—Wastes used as a fuel in as-discarded form.
only.
RDF-2—Wastes processed to coarse particle size with or
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
without ferrous metal separation.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
RDF-3—shredded fuel derived from municipal solid waste
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
(MSW) that has been processed to remove metal, glass, and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
other inorganics. This material has a particle size such that 95
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for
weight % passes through a 2-in. (50 mm) square mesh screen.
additional hazard information.
RDF-4—Combustible waste processed into powder form, 95
2. Referenced Documents
weight % passing 10-mesh screening.
RDF-5—Combustible waste densified (compressed) into the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
form of pellets, slugs, cubettes, or briquettes.
E 711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-
RDF-6—Combustible waste processed into liquid fuel.
Derived Fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter
RDF-7—Combustible waste processed into gaseous fuel.
E 791 Test Method for Calculating Refuse-Derived Fuel
Analysis Data from As-Determined to Different Bases
4. Summary of Test Method
3. Terminology 4.1 A macrosample of RDF is dried and ashed successively.
The moisture, combustibles, and noncombustibles content are
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
determined gravimetrically.
3.1.1 combustibles—that portion of the RDF sample which
4.2 Heating value of a macrosample of RDF is calculated
is consumed upon ignition exclusive of the moisture present in
using an established moisture and noncombustible free heating
the sample.
value.
4.2.1 Normal practice is for contracting practices to rate
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
RDF on a higher heating value basis.
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment.
4.2.2 If contracting parties choose to rate RDF on a lower
Current edition approved March 25, 1988. Published May 1988. Originally
heating value basis, provision is made using an established
published as E 955-83. Last previous edition E 955-83.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04. moisture and non-combustible free lower heating value.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 955 – 88 (1996)
material to reach constant weight. Overnight drying has been found to be
5. Significance and Use
convenient and sufficient for some RDF products.
5.1 This test method is available to producers and users of
9.1.3 After a sufficient drying time, remove the samples
RDF as a means of determining thermal characteristics of a
from the oven and immediately weigh while hot to the nearest
large sample of RDF without extensive processing of the
0.5 g.
laboratory sample. It is intended that the results obtained be
used to monitor changes in the fuel characteristics of RDF over
NOTE 4—The practicality of this procedure step is demonstrated in
a period of time.
Footnote 3.
9.2 Noncombustible Determination:
6. Apparatus
9.2.1 Place the container with the dried sample into a
6.1 Oven—A large chamber mechanical draft oven (ap-
laboratory hood, and ignite the sample with a flame. Stirring is
proximately 508 by 508 by 508 mm (20 by 20 by 20 in.) inside
required to maintain the flame. Take care so no sample is lost
dimensions) capable of maintaining a controlled temperature
when stirring.
between 100 and 500°C may be used. A minimum of one air
NOTE 5—Caution: Because of the unknown nature of the material, use
change per minute is satisfactory. Air flow should be baffled to
caution during ignition and stirring.
prevent any sample loss due to air currents.
9.2.2 When a flame can no longer be maintained, place the
NOTE 1—A home electric oven with self-cleaning mode of operation,
container with the partially combusted sample into the oven at
modified with an air inlet has been found satisfactory.
500°C until constant weight is reached.
6.2 Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.5 g and a capacity of
NOTE 6—It may be determined that constant weight can be routinely
at least 2000 g.
established by allowing samples to ash at the prescribed temperature for
6.3 Sample Container—A noncorroding pan (stainless steel
a set period of time. (Two hours have been found to be sufficient).
3 3
or aluminum) approximately 15 dm (0.5 ft ).
NOTE 7—A home electric oven in the self cleaning mode modified to
permit air circulation has been found to achieve sufficient ashing during a
NOTE 2—Disposable aluminum roasting pans (381 3 508 3 82.6 mm)
1 3 h clean cycle.
(12 by 20 by 3 ⁄4)) have been suitable for this purpose. (Two pans will
probably be required fora1kg sample).
9.2.3
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