ASTM D7390-07
(Guide)Standard Guide for Evaluating Asbestos in Dust on Surfaces by Comparison Between Two Environments
Standard Guide for Evaluating Asbestos in Dust on Surfaces by Comparison Between Two Environments
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide describes factors to be considered by an investigator designing a sampling program to compare the asbestos dust loadings in two environments and presents statistical methods for making the comparison. Each user is responsible for the design of an investigation and the interpretation of data collected when using dust data.
This guide does not deal with situations where dusts of different compositions or from different surfaces are to be evaluated.
This guide describes methods for interpreting the results of sampling and analysis performed in accordance with Test Methods D 5755, D 5756, and D 6480. It may be appropriate to use the procedures in this Guide with other dust collection and analysis methods, but it is the responsibility of the user to make this determination.
The methods described in this guide are not intended to be used alone. They are intended to be used along with various evaluation methods that may include consideration of building use, activities within the building, air sampling, asbestos surveys (refer to Practice E 2356), evaluation of building history and study of building ventilation systems.
This guide describes methods for comparing environments and does not draw any conclusions relating asbestos surface loadings to the potential safety or habitability of buildings.
This guide does not address risk assessments or the use of dust sampling in risk assessment. Health based risk assessments are beyond the scope of this guide.
Warning—Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Precautions should be taken to avoid creating and breathing airborne asbestos particles when sampling and analyzing materials suspected of containing asbestos. Regulatory requirements addressing asbestos are defined by USEPA4 ,5 and OSHA6 .
SCOPE
1.1 There are multiple purposes for determining the loading of asbestos in dust on surfaces. Each particular purpose may require unique sampling strategies, analytical methods, and procedures for data interpretation. Procedures are provided to facilitate application of available methods for determining asbestos surface loadings and/or asbestos loadings in surface dust for comparison between two environments. At present, this guide addresses one application of the ASTM surface dust methods. It is anticipated that additional areas will be added in the future. It is not intended that the discussion of one application should limit use of the methods in other areas.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 5.7.
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Designation: D7390 − 07
StandardGuide for
Evaluating Asbestos in Dust on Surfaces by Comparison
Between Two Environments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7390; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
1.1 There are multiple purposes for determining the loading
Lot or Process
of asbestos in dust on surfaces. Each particular purpose may
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
require unique sampling strategies, analytical methods, and
E2356 Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Sur-
procedures for data interpretation. Procedures are provided to
veys
facilitate application of available methods for determining
2.2 Other Document:
asbestos surface loadings and/or asbestos loadings in surface
Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. (EPA), (Pink
dust for comparison between two environments. At present,
Book) Asbestos in Buildings: Simplified Sampling
this guide addresses one application of theASTM surface dust
Scheme for Surfacing Materials, EPA 560/5/85/030A,
methods. It is anticipated that additional areas will be added in
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,
the future. It is not intended that the discussion of one
application should limit use of the methods in other areas.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions—Unless otherwise noted all statistical terms
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
are as defined in Terminology E456.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.1 activity generated aerosol—adispersionofparticlesin
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
air that have become airborne due to physical disturbances
warning statements, see 5.7.
such as human activity, sweeping, airflow, etc.
3.1.2 background samples—samples taken from surfaces
2. Referenced Documents
that are considered to have concentrations of asbestos in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
surfacedustthatarerepresentativeofconditionsthatexistinan
D5755 TestMethodforMicrovacuumSamplingandIndirect
environment that is affected by only prevailing conditions and
Analysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopy
has not experienced events, disturbances or activities unusual
for Asbestos Structure Number Surface Loading
for the environment.
D5756 TestMethodforMicrovacuumSamplingandIndirect
3.1.3 control—an area that is used as the basis for a
Analysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopy
comparison. This could be an area where the dust has been
for Asbestos Mass Surface Loading
previously characterized, an area thought to be suitable for
D6480 Test Method forWipe Sampling of Surfaces, Indirect
occupancy, an area that has not experienced a disturbance of
Preparation, and Analysis for Asbestos Structure Number
asbestos-containing materials, or that is for some other reason
Surface Loading by Transmission Electron Microscopy
deemed to be suitable as the basis for a comparison.
D6620 Practice for Asbestos Detection Limit Based on
Counts
3.1.4 control samples—samples collected for comparison to
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials the study samples. These differ from background samples in
that they are collected: either: in an area where the dust has
been previously characterized, or in an area that has not
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality
experienced a disturbance of asbestos-containing materials, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.07 on Sampling andAnalysis
in an area that is for some other reason deemed to be suitable
of Asbestos.
as the basis for comparison.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. DOI: 10.1520/
D7390-07.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ariel
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, http://
the ASTM website. www.epa.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7390 − 07
3.1.5 dust—any material composed of particles in a size 4.3.1 Defining sampling needs including the size, number
range of <1 mm. and location of samples required to address a particular
application; and
3.1.6 environment—welldefinedthree-dimensionalareaand
4.3.2 Interpreting analytical results—estimating loadings or
everything that is in it.
loadings from single or multiple-sample results, establishing
3.1.7 homogeneous samples—group of samples that are
confidence intervals for such estimates, and comparing be-
collected from surfaces that are visually similar in texture, dust
tween such estimates.
loading and environment.
5. Significance and Use
3.1.8 laboratory blank—a cassette or wipe taken from
laboratory stock that are not affected by field activities.
5.1 This guide describes factors to be considered by an
investigator designing a sampling program to compare the
3.1.9 loading—quantity of asbestos in the dust found on a
surface as measured by the ASTM standard methods for asbestos dust loadings in two environments and presents
statistical methods for making the comparison. Each user is
evaluating asbestos in dust on surfaces.
responsible for the design of an investigation and the interpre-
3.1.10 open field blank—cassetteorwipeopenedinthefield
tation of data collected when using dust data.
as if for sample collection and then immediately closed. This
blank is analyzed in the same manner as a regular sample. 5.2 This guide does not deal with situations where dusts of
different compositions or from different surfaces are to be
3.1.11 power—powerofthetestistheprobability,expressed
evaluated.
as a decimal fraction, that a specified difference between
asbestos surface loadings in two environments will be detected 5.3 This guide describes methods for interpreting the results
by the test.
of sampling and analysis performed in accordance with Test
Methods D5755, D5756, and D6480. It may be appropriate to
3.1.12 replicates—samples collected from an area that is
use the procedures in this Guide with other dust collection and
visually identified as homogeneous.
analysismethods,butitistheresponsibilityoftheusertomake
3.1.13 sampling set—samples collected on the same day on
this determination.
surfaces in an area for the purpose of characterizing the
5.4 The methods described in this guide are not intended to
asbestosloadinginthedustofthesamplessurfacesinthatarea.
be used alone.They are intended to be used along with various
3.1.14 sealed field blank—cassette or wipe taken to the field
evaluation methods that may include consideration of building
but remaining closed at all times.
use, activities within the building, air sampling, asbestos
3.1.15 study samples—samplescollectedinanareabelieved
surveys (refer to Practice E2356), evaluation of building
to have experienced events, disturbances or activities affecting
history and study of building ventilation systems.
asbestos-containingmaterials.Theareainwhichthesesamples
5.5 This guide describes methods for comparing environ-
are taken is called the study area. Study samples are compared
ments and does not draw any conclusions relating asbestos
to background samples or control samples.
surface loadings to the potential safety or habitability of
buildings.
4. Summary of Guide
5.6 This guide does not address risk assessments or the use
4.1 Theguidancecontainedinthisdocumentwasdeveloped
of dust sampling in risk assessment. Health based risk assess-
for applications of Test Methods D5755, D5756, and D6480.
ments are beyond the scope of this guide.
The application addressed in this document is sampling to test
5.7 Warning—Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcino-
for differences in surface loading in two or more environments
gens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the
including comparison to environments that may be considered
lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
to be “background.”
Precautions should be taken to avoid creating and breathing
4.2 Factors affecting the selection of sampling sites and
airborne asbestos particles when sampling and analyzing
types of samples to be collected are described in Appendix X1.
materialssuspectedofcontainingasbestos.Regulatoryrequire-
These factors include: 4,5
ments addressing asbestos are defined by USEPA and
4.2.1 Uniformity and distribution of dust within a building,
OSHA .
4.2.2 The nature of dust found within buildings,
6. Comparison Between Environments
4.2.3 Thenatureofthesurfacefromwhichsamplesaretobe
collected,
6.1 Oneuseofdustsamplingistocomparetheasbestosdust
4.2.4 Past disturbances of asbestos-containing materials,
loadings on surfaces in two environments. This Guide de-
4.2.5 Environmental conditions,
scribes two ways in which such a comparison might be made.
4.2.6 Ventilation,
6.1.1 Comparison to Background Samples—If one environ-
4.2.7 Building history,
ment is considered to represent conditions that are typical of a
4.2.8 Occupation and activity of occupants, and
4.2.9 Outdoor sampling.
USEPA, 40 CFR Part 61, Subpart M.
4.3 This guide describes statistical procedures to be used
USEPA, 40 CFR Part 763, Subpart E.
for: OSHA, 29 CFR Parts 1910, 1915, and 1926.
D7390 − 07
building this could be used as the source of background samples in case the sensitivity of actual samples does not
samples against which study samples from areas in questions match preliminary estimates used in planning the sampling.
could be compared. Areas may be in question due to distur-
6.5 Sampling and Analytical Requirements:
bance of an asbestos-containing material, damage to the
6.5.1 Collect and analyze samples as described in Test
building materials, change in occupancy or any other occur-
Methods D5755, D5756,or D6480.
rence that could change the asbestos loading in dust.
6.1.2 Comparison to Control—One environment may be
6.6 Quality Control Requirements:
taken as a “Control” against which to compare study samples
6.6.1 Blanks—The following blanks should be collected as
from other environments. For example, samples collected in a
part of the sampling:
building to which cleaned items are to be delivered might be
6.6.1.1 A sealed field blank per lot of cassettes or wipes.
used as control samples. Samples collected on cleaned items
6.6.1.2 One open field blank for each ten samples (a
would then be compared to these Control samples to determine
minimum of one open field blank per environment sampled).
if the cleaned items could be released for delivery.
6.6.1.3 Blanks should be sent to the laboratory for analysis
6.2 Sample Collection Requirements:
in the same manner as a regular sample. Blanks need not be
6.2.1 Homogeneous Dust—A visual determination should
analyzed if no asbestos is found in the study samples. If
be made about the homogeneity of the dust and sample site to
asbestosisfoundinthestudysamplesthe“OpenFieldBlanks”
be sampled. Samples in each environment should be collected
should be analyzed. If asbestos is found on the “Open Field
from homogeneous locations. A location is considered to be
Blanks,” then the “Sealed Field Blanks” should be analyzed. If
homogeneous if:
no asbestos is found on the “Open Field Blank” there is no
6.2.1.1 Thesamplesiteshavevisuallysimilardepositionsof
need to analyze the sealed blanks. If any blank is found to
dust on their surfaces.
contain more than the limit set forth in the section on blanks in
6.2.1.2 The surfaces to be sampled have the same type of
theappropriatemethodthenthesamplingmaybeconsideredto
surface texture based upon a visual determination.
be suspect.
6.2.1.3 The efficiency of dust collection on a given surface
6.7 Data Interpretation:
is likely to be different for wipe and microvacuum methods
(see Crankshaw et al, Ref (6)). As such, the same sample
6.7.1 For each sample the number of asbestos structures
collection method should be used for samples that are to be counted, analytical sensitivity of the analysis, and asbestos
compared. loading should be extracted from the laboratory reports. The
upper and lower 95 % confidence limits should be calculated
NOTE 1—If the laboratory reports comparing two areas indicate that the
using the procedures in Annex A1. Refer to Note 1 in 6.2.1.3
analytical sensitivities, particle sizes or structure types for any sample or
regarding analytical sensitivity.
agroupofsamplesdiffergreatlyfromthebalanceofthesamples,thenthis
could indicate that the dust in the areas selected was not homogeneous. In
6.7.1.1 For each group of samples for an environment the
these instances other methods of comparison may be considered.
procedures of AnnexA1 should be applied to the data in 6.7.1
6.3 Selection of Sampling Locations:
to calculate the total asbestos structures counted, sum of
6.3.1 Random Sampling—Samplesshouldbecollectedfrom
sensitivity weights, and estimate of asbestos loading for the
locations that are selected at random from all available
environment along with upper and lower 95 % confidence
locations in the environment to be tested. Genuinely random
limits on this estimate.
procedure such as the grid and random number procedure set
6.7.2 There are two ways to make a decision about whether
forth in the USEPA Pink Book, coin tosses, or a random
there is a difference between two areas. The first of these is to
number table are acceptable for this purpose.
simply compare the confidence limits of the two sets of
6.3.1.1 In situations in which accessibility for sampling is
samples. If this comparison shows that the two sets of samples
limited the general location of samples should be determined
are clearly the same, or are clearly different then no further
by random means and the specific sample site determined by
comparison is required. However, if there is a question about
accessibility within the randomly selected area. The dust at the
the comparison of the confidence limits or this comparison is
specific sampling site should be visually evaluated to deter-
inconclusive a Z-test may clarify the issue.
mine if it is representative of conditions prevailing in
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