ASTM E2271-03
(Practice)Standard Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Single-Family Dwellings and Child-Occupied Facilities
Standard Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Single-Family Dwellings and Child-Occupied Facilities
SCOPE
1.1 This practice combines visual assessment for the presence of deteriorated paint, settled dust, painted debris, and paint chips with environmental sampling of settled dust to report the leaded-dust hazard level at the time of sample collection, in and around single-family residential dwellings or child-occupied facilities following abatement and other lead-hazard reduction activities.
1.2 This practice also addresses clearance examinations that may include soil sampling, for example when soil abatement has been performed.
1.3 This practice provides a procedure for determining whether regulatory requirements for dust-lead levels and soil-lead levels have been met, and, consequently whether a work area, or a portion of a work area, passes or fails a clearance examination.
Note 1—This practice is consistent with that portion of "clearance" described in 40 CFR Part 745 for abatement, and in 24 CFR 35 for lead-hazard reduction activities other than abatement.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E 2271 – 03
Standard Practice for
Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction
Activities in Single-Family Dwellings and Child-Occupied
Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2271; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E 1480 Terminology of Facility Management (Building-
1.1 This practice combines visual assessment for the pres-
Related)
ence of deteriorated paint, settled dust, painted debris, and
E 1605 Terminology Relating to Abatement of Hazards
paint chips with environmental sampling of settled dust to
from Lead-Based Paint in Buildings and Related Struc-
report the leaded-dust hazard level at the time of sample
tures
collection, in and around single-family residential dwellings or
E 1727 Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples for
child-occupied facilities following abatement and other lead-
Lead Determination by Atomic Spectrometry Techniques
hazard reduction activities.
E 1728 Practice for Field Collection of Settled Dust
1.2 This practice also addresses clearance examinations that
Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Lead Deter-
may include soil sampling, for example when soil abatement
mination by Atomic Spectrometry Techniques
has been performed.
E 1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead
1.3 This practice provides a procedure for determining
in Surface Dust
whether regulatory requirements for dust-lead levels and soil-
E 1864 Practice for Evaluating Quality Systems of Organi-
lead levels have been met, and, consequently whether a work
zations Engaged in Conducting Facility and Hazard As-
area, or a portion of a work area, passes or fails a clearance
sessments to Determine the Presence and Extent of Lead in
examination.
Paint, Dust, Airborne Particulate, and Soil In and Around
NOTE 1—This practice is consistent with that portion of “clearance”
Buildings and Related Structures
described in 40 CFR Part 745 for abatement, and in 24 CFR 35 for
E 2239 Record Keeping and Record Preservation for Lead
lead-hazard reduction activities other than abatement.
Hazard Activities
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
E 2255 Practice for Conducting Visual Assessments for
standard.
Lead Hazards in Buildings
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.2 U.S. Regulations:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
24 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) 35, Department of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Requirements
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
for Notification, Evaluation and Reduction of Lead-Based
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Paint Hazards in Federally Owned Residential Property
and Housing Receiving Federal Assistance
2. Referenced Documents
40 CFR 745, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in Certain Resi-
D 4840 Guide for Sampling Chain-of-Custody Procedures
dential Structures (especially subparts D, L and Q)
D 5124 Practice for Testing and Use of a Random Number
2.3 Governmental Agency Guidance:
Generator in Lumber and Wood Products Simulation
Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based
Paint Hazards in Housing, HUD-1539-LBP, June 1995,
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-
mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on Lead 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.
Hazards Associated With Buildings. 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.12.
Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published July 2003. 6
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 5250-7954. Also available from http://
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.10.
www.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/index.html.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2271–03
revised September 1997 (“HUD Guidelines”) 3.2.11 work area, n—the area within which lead hazard
National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (N- control activities are performed. The work area may include (1)
LLAP) a portion of a room, an entire room, or room equivalent, or (2)
portions of multiple rooms, multiple rooms or room equiva-
3. Terminology
lents, dependent upon the extent or location, or both, of the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms related to this lead hazard control activity.
practice that do not appear in this section, refer to Terminolo-
4. Significance and Use
gies E 631, E 1605, and E 1480.
4.1 Although this practice was primarily developed for
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
residential buildings, this practice is also applicable to nonresi-
3.2.1 clearance examination, n—a process conducted after
dential buildings and related structures, as may be needed, by
a lead hazard reduction activity to determine that the hazard
agreement between the client and the individual conducting the
reduction activity is complete and that no dust-lead or soil-lead
clearance examination. A clearance examination of abatement
hazards remain in the area examined.
areas and areas associated with other lead-hazard control
3.2.2 clearance level, n—the amount of lead in dust samples
activities in single-family residential dwellings and child-
that is not to be equaled or exceeded so that a residential
occupied facilities is performed to determine that the work
dwelling or child-occupied facility is classified as adequately
area, and possibly areas adjoining or related to the work area,
clean and safe for re-occupancy, as promulgated by authorities
is adequately clean and is safe for reoccupancy.
having jurisdiction.
4.2 It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
3.2.3 lead hazard reduction, n—any measure that results in
assure that all statutory, regulatory, contractual, and other
a lessening of the number or extent, or both, of lead hazards.
personnel qualifications are met prior to conduct of procedures
3.2.4 painted debris, n—pieces of detached substrate or
herein. At a minimum, users of this standard shall be trained in
construction waste completely or partially coated with paint.
its use and in safe practices for conduct.
3.2.5 professional judgement, n—for clearance examina-
4.3 This practice is one of a set of standards developed for
tion, a decision made by the individual conducting the clear-
lead hazard management activities. The visual assessment
ance examination as to where dust wipe and soil samples
procedures required in this standard are found in E 2255 and
should be taken.
the record keeping requirements are found in E 2239.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—The decision takes into account the
4.4 This practice may be used by owners and property
type of lead hazard reduction activity conducted prior to the
managers, including owner-occupants, and others responsible
clearance examination and the visual observations made of the
for maintaining facilities. It may also be used by lead hazard
spaces in the clearance examination.
management consultants, construction contractors, labor
3.2.6 random sample, n—a sample selected from a popula-
groups, real estate and financial professionals, insurance orga-
tion using a randomization process; in particular, a subset
nizations, legislators, regulators, and legal professionals.
drawn from a population in a way that allows each member of
the population to have an equal chance of being selected with
5. General Requirements
uniform probability, using a randomization procedure such as a
5.1 Applicable Regulations—The clearance examination
random-number generator, the flip of an unbiased coin, or the
shall be conducted in accordance with all regulations promul-
cast of an unbiased die to determine which member(s) of the
gated by authorities having jurisdiction. Applicable regulations
population is (are) selected to enter the subset as a sample.
are those that are currently in force in jurisdictions where the
3.2.7 room equivalent, n—an identifiable exterior or interior
clearance examination is conducted.
area that is of different usage than surrounding area(s), or
5.2 Personnel Qualifications—All persons conducting or
appears by visual or other evidence to have a different painting
participating in the clearance examination shall be qualified to
history. For example: a hallway; a stairway; an exterior play
do so in accordance with regulations promulgated by authori-
area; or, an exterior building surface with a different painting
ties having jurisdiction.
history.
NOTE 2—For example, in the United States of America, see 40 CFR
3.2.8 sampling location, n—a specific area within a sam-
Part 745 Subpart L, 24 CFR Part 35.
pling site that is subjected to sample collection.
5.3 Reporting Schedule—Before arriving at the property,
3.2.8.1 Discussion—Multiple sampling locations are com-
determine with the client the schedule for reporting the results
monly designated for a single sampling site.
of the clearance examination. The schedule should individually
3.2.9 settled dust, n—particulate matter that has precipitated
specify in hours or days when the clearance summary, clear-
onto a surface.
ance report, and the project report are due to the client. The
3.2.10 sampling site, n—a local place that contains the
reporting schedule should consider the following: when the last
sampling locations.
sample for the clearance examination is to be collected; when
3.2.10.1 Discussion—A sampling site is generally limited to
the results of testing are to be available; and, whether and how
an area that is easily covered by walking, for example, an
reoccupancy, additional construction or maintenance work, or
apartment building or a single-family residence.
other factors affect the schedule.
5.4 Dust Wipe Sampling Materials—Use only dust wipes
that meet Specification E 1792 to collect samples of settled
Available from HUD USER, P.O. Box 6091, Rockville, MD 20849.
http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/lead/index.html dust.
E2271–03
5.5 Dust Sampling Procedure—Collect settled dust wipe 6.3.1.5 Locations(s) where deteriorated paint, settled dust,
samples in accordance with Practice E 1728. Record the unique paint chips, and painted or unpainted debris (if any) were
location description, unique sample identifier, the dimensions observed within the work area during visual examination(s),
of the area sampled, and all other sample collection informa- and
tion on the Paint/Dust/Debris Data Form (given in E 2255). 6.3.1.6 Locations from which post-activity soil samples and
5.6 Soil Sampling Procedure—When required, collect soil wipe samples of settled dust were collected.
samples in accordance with Practice E 1727. Record the unique 6.4 Clearance Time:
location description, unique sample identifier, and all other 6.4.1 Verify with the client or client’s designee, that the lead
sample collection information on the Ground Data Form (given hazard reduction activity (including completion of cleaning,
in E 2255). breakdown, and final cleaning of erected containment if
5.7 Laboratory Selection: utilized) has been completed.
5.7.1 Use only laboratories that hold the necessary accredi- 6.4.2 Wait at least 1 h after the lead hazard reduction
tations, certifications, and recognitions needed to conduct lead clean-up activities are completed before initiating the clearance
testing services of the sample types (soil or dust wipe samples, examination to allow airborne dust to settle.
or both) as required by regulations promulgated by authorities
having jurisdiction. 7. Protocol for Interior Visual Assessment
7.1 Conduct a visual assessment in each interior area, if any,
NOTE 3—For example, in the United States of America, laboratories are
where painted debris or other lead hazard reduction waste has
recognized for analysis of lead in soil or dust wipe samples, or both, as
applicable, by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through been stored. If no painted debris or lead hazard reduction waste
the National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP).
is observed, the storage area passes visual assessment. An
observation of painted debris or lead hazard reduction waste
6. Activities Conducted Prior to Clearance Examination
constitutes failure.
6.1 Define the Work Area:
7.2 In accordance with E 2255, assess the work area for the
6.1.1 Determine the location and size of the work area with
presence of deteriorated paint, settled dust, and painted debris.
the client or client’s designee.
Any observation of deteriorated paint, settled dust, or painted
6.1.1.1 If the location of the interior space(s) within which debris indicates that the work area has failed visual assessment.
the hazard reduction activity was performed is unknown, the
If no deteriorated paint, settled dust, or painted debris is
clearance examiner shall assume that the entire interior of the observed, the work area passes visual assessment.
dwelling is to undergo clearance examination.
7.3 If a storage area or the work area, or both, does not pass
6.1.1.2 If the exterior surface upon which hazard reduction visual assessment, advise the client or the client’s designee, or
activity was performed is unknown, the clearance examiner
both, that recleaning of the area or removal of debris and waste,
shall assume that the entire property (interior and exterior) is to or both, are required prior to performance of another visual
undergo clearance examination.
examination.
6.2 Secure Contract—A contract shall be secured and in-
7.4 If the storage area(s) and the work area pass visual
clude:
assessment, proceed to collect samples of settled dust as
6.2.1 Signed releases permitting entry to the property and
described in Section 8.
for conducting the clearance examination, as may be needed,
prior to attempting entry to the property,
8. Protocol for Interior Settled Dust Sampling
6.2.2 Permission to acquire and review available property
8.1 Collect a wipe sample of settled dust for each sampling
construction records and any other records appropriate to the
location described in 8.2 through 8.5.
conduct of the clearance examination,
8.2 Floor and Windows within the Work Area—Select either
6.2.3 Permission to collect samples, and
Procedure A or Procedure B to determine sampli
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