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ASTM F3049-14

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Characterizing Properties of Metal Powders Used for Additive Manufacturing Processes

Standard Guide for Characterizing Properties of Metal Powders Used for Additive Manufacturing Processes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Determining the properties of the feedstock powder used in these processes is a necessary condition for industry’s confidence in powder selection and ability to produce consistent components with known and predictable properties. The intention of this guide is to provide purchasers, vendors, or producers of metal powder to be used in additive manufacturing processes with a reference for existing standards or variations of existing standards that may be used to characterize properties of metal powders used for additive manufacturing processes. It will serve as a starting point for the future development of a suite of specific standard test methods that will address each individual property or property type that is important to the performance of metal-based additive manufacturing systems and the components produced by them. While the focus of this standard is on metal powder, some of the referenced methods may also be appropriate for non-metal powders.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide introduces the reader to techniques for metal powder characterization that may be useful for powder-based additive manufacturing processes including binder jetting, directed energy deposition, and powder bed fusion. It refers the reader to other, existing standards that may be applicable for the characterization of virgin and used metal powders processed in additive manufacturing systems.2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2014
ICS
77.160 - Powder metallurgy
Technical Committee
F42 - Additive Manufacturing Technologies
Drafting Committee
F42.05 - Materials and Processes
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM F3049-14 - Standard Guide for Characterizing Properties of Metal Powders Used for Additive Manufacturing ProcessesASTM F3049-14 - Standard Guide for Characterizing Properties of Metal Powders Used for Additive Manufacturing Processes
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ASTM F3049-14 - Standard Guide for Characterizing Properties of Metal Powders Used for Additive Manufacturing Processes
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F3049 − 14
Standard Guide for
Characterizing Properties of Metal Powders Used for
1
Additive Manufacturing Processes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3049; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope B527 Test Method for Determination of Tap Density of
Metallic Powders and Compounds
1.1 This guide introduces the reader to techniques for metal
B703 Test Method for Apparent Density of Metal Powders
powder characterization that may be useful for powder-based
and Related Compounds Using the Arnold Meter
additive manufacturing processes including binder jetting,
B783 Specification for Materials for Ferrous Powder Metal-
directedenergydeposition,andpowderbedfusion.Itrefersthe
lurgy (PM) Structural Parts
reader to other, existing standards that may be applicable for
B822 Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Metal
the characterization of virgin and used metal powders pro-
2
cessed in additive manufacturing systems.
Powders and Related Compounds by Light Scattering
B855 Test Method for Volumetric Flow Rate of Metal
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Powders Using the Arnold Meter and Hall Flowmeter
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Funnel
standard.
B923 Test Method for Metal Powder Skeletal Density by
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Helium or Nitrogen Pycnometry
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
B964 Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Using
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the Carney Funnel
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E539 TestMethodforAnalysisofTitaniumAlloysbyX-Ray
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Fluorescence Spectrometry
2. Referenced Documents
E572 Test Method forAnalysis of Stainless andAlloy Steels
3
byWavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrom-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
etry
B212 Test Method for Apparent Density of Free-Flowing
E1447 Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen in Tita-
Metal Powders Using the Hall Flowmeter Funnel
B213 Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Using nium and Titanium Alloys by Inert Gas Fusion Thermal
the Hall Flowmeter Funnel
Conductivity/Infrared Detection Method
B214 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Metal Powders
E1569 Test Method for Determination of Oxygen in Tanta-
B215 Practices for Sampling Metal Powders
lum Powder by Inert Gas Fusion Technique
B243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
E1638 Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods,
B329 Test Method for Apparent Density of Metal Powders
and Screening Media
and Compounds Using the Scott Volumeter
E1941 Test Method for Determination of Carbon in Refrac-
B417 Test Method for Apparent Density of Non-Free-
tory and Reactive Metals andTheirAlloys by Combustion
Flowing Metal Powders Using the Carney Funnel
Analysis
E2371 Test Method for Analysis of Titanium and Titanium
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF42onAdditive Alloys by Direct Current Plasma and Inductively Coupled
Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (Performance-
F42.05 on Materials and Processes.
Based Test Methodology)
Current edition approved June 1, 2014. Published July 2014. DOI: 10.1520/
F3049-14 E2465 Test Method for Analysis of Ni-Base Alloys by
2
Cooke, A. L., Slotwinski, J. A., “Properties of Metal Powders for Additive
Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Manufacturing:AReviewoftheStateoftheArtofMetalPowderPropertyTesting,”
E2594 Test Method forAnalysis of NickelAlloys by Induc-
NISTIR 7873, July, 2012.Available at http://www.nist.gov/manuscript-publication-
search.cfm?pub_id=911339 tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
(Performance-Based Method)
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
E2626 Guide for Spectrometric Analysis of Reactive and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Refractory Metals
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F3049 − 14
E2792 Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen in Alu- While the focus of this standard is on metal powder, some of
minum and Aluminum Alloys by Inert Gas Fusion the referenced methods may also be appropriate for non-metal
F2792 Terminology for
...

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4.1 Determining the properties of the feedstock powder used in these processes is a necessary condition for industry’s confidence in powder selection and ability to produce consistent components with known and predictable properties. The intention of this guide is to provide purchasers, vendors, or producers of metal powder to be used in additive manufacturing processes with a reference for existing standards or variations of existing standards that may be used to characterize properties of metal powders used for additive manufacturing processes. It will serve as a starting point for the future development of a suite of specific standard test methods that will address each individual property or property type that is important to the performance of metal-based additive manufacturing systems and the components produced by them. While the focus of this standard is on metal powder, some of the referenced methods may also be appropriate for non-metal powders.
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5.1 The rate and uniformity of die cavity filling are related to flow properties, which thus influence production rates and uniformity of compacted parts.  
5.2 The ability of a powder to flow is a function of interparticle friction. As interparticle friction increases, flow is slowed. Some powders, often fine powders and lubricated powder mixtures, may not flow through the Hall funnel of Test Method B213. Nevertheless, if a larger orifice is provided, such as in the Carney funnel, a meaningful flow rate may be determined, providing specific information for certain applications.  
5.3 Test Method B213, using the Hall funnel, is the preferred method for determining the flowability of metal powders. The Carney funnel of these test methods should only be used when a powder will not flow through the Hall funnel. These test methods may also be used for comparison of several powders when some flow through the Hall funnel and some do not.  
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