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ASTM D446-07

(Specification)

Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers

Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers

SCOPE
1.1 These specifications cover operating instructions for glass capillary kinematic viscometers of all the types described in detail in , , and as follows:Modified Ostwald viscometers, Suspended-level viscometers, Reverse-flow viscometers,
1.2 The calibration of the viscometers is described in Section .
1.3 This standard covers some widely used viscometers suitable for use in accordance with Test Method D 445. Other viscometers of the glass capillary type which are capable of measuring kinematic viscosity within the limits of precision given in Test Method D 445 may be used.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2006
ICS
17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D446-06 - Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D446-12 - Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012
Referred By
ASTM D3591-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Logarithmic Viscosity Number of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) in Formulated Compounds
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D1243-22 - Standard Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Vinyl Chloride Polymers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D789-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Relative Viscosity of Concentrated Polyamide (PA) Solutions
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D2532-22 - Standard Test Method for Viscosity and Viscosity Change After Standing at Low Temperature of Aircraft Turbine Lubricants
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4878-23 - Standard Test Methods for Polyurethane Raw Materials: Determination of Viscosity of Polyols
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D5967-21 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-8 Diesel Engine
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4889-21 - Standard Test Methods for Polyurethane Raw Materials: Determination of Viscosity of Crude or Modified Isocyanates
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D1601-18 - Standard Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Ethylene Polymers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4486-18 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Volatile and Reactive Liquids
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D5966-22 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils for Roller Follower Wear in Light-Duty Diesel Engine
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D914-12(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Ethylcellulose
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D2162-21 - Standard Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4603-18 - Standard Test Method for Determining Inherent Viscosity of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) by Glass Capillary Viscometer
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007

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ASTM D446-07 - Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic ViscometersASTM D446-07 - Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
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ASTM D446-07 - Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D446 −07
Designation:71/2/95
Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for
1
Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* ISO 3105 Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers—
Specifications and Operating Instructions
1.1 These specifications cover operating instructions for
ISO5725Basic Methods for the Determination of Repeat-
glasscapillarykinematicviscometersofallthetypesdescribed
ability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement
in detail in Annex A1, Annex A2, and Annex A3 as follows:
Method
Modified Ostwald viscometers, Annex A1
ISO17025General Requirements for the Competence of
Suspended-level viscometers, Annex A2
Reverse-flow viscometers, Annex A3 Testing and Calibration Laboratories
ISO Guide25General Requirements for the Calibration and
1.2 The calibration of the viscometers is described in
Testing Laboratories
Section 6.
4
2.3 NIST Standards:
1.3 This standard covers some widely used viscometers
NIST1297Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the
suitable for use in accordance with Test Method D445. Other
Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results
viscometers of the glass capillary type which are capable of
measuring kinematic viscosity within the limits of precision
3. Materials and Manufacture
given in Test Method D445 may be used.
3.1 Fully annealed, low-expansion borosilicate glass shall
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
be used for the construction of all viscometers. The size
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
number,serialnumber,andmanufacturer’sdesignationshallbe
standard.
permanently marked on each viscometer. All timing marks
shall be etched and filled with an opaque color, or otherwise
2. Referenced Documents
made a permanent part of the viscometer. See detailed descrip-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tion of each type of viscometer in Annex A1, Annex A2, and
D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
Annex A3.
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of DynamicViscos-
3.2 With the exception of the FitzSimons and Atlantic
ity)
viscometers, all viscometers are designed to fit through a
D2162Practice for Basic Calibration of MasterViscometers
51-mm hole in the lid of a constant-temperature bath having a
and Viscosity Oil Standards
3 liquid depth of at least 280 mm; and it is assumed that the
2.2 ISO Documents:
surfaceoftheliquidwillbenotmorethan45mmfromthetop
ISO 3104Petroleum Products—Transparent and Opaque
of the bath lid. For certain constant-temperature baths, espe-
Liquids—Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal-
cially at low or high temperatures, it may be necessary to
culation of Dynamic Viscosity
constructtheviscometerswiththeuppermosttubeslongerthan
shown to ensure adequate immersion in the constant-
1
These specifications and operating instructions are under the jurisdiction of
temperature bath. Viscometers so modified can be used to
ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct
measure kinematic viscosity within the precision of the test
responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
method.Thelengthsoftubesandbulbsonthefiguresshouldbe
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published January 2007. Originally
held within 610% or 610 mm, whichever is less, such that
approvedin1966asD2515–66.RedesignatedD446in1977.Lastpreviousedition
approved in 2006 as D446–06. DOI: 10.1520/D0446-07.
the calibration constant of the viscometer does not vary by
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
more than 615% from the nominal value.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D446−07
4. Nomenclature for Figures eter which is to be calibrated in order that the kinetic energy
correction (see 7.1 and 7.2) may be less than 0.2%.
4.1 The figures in the anne
...

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ASTM D445-23(Test Method)
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1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.  
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Note 2: ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.  
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been included.  
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6 m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.  
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5.1 The significance of this test method is that it provides a means for a reliable field determination of kinematic viscosity at 40 °C without requiring solvents or chemicals for cleaning. Field use implies that the fluid may be very opaque, such as an in-service engine oil. The device may be cleaned with a disposable lint-free oil-absorbent material such as a clean cotton shop rag, and requires only 60 µL of sample for operation. As such the device provides a unique service to a range of industries where it is difficult or undesirable to obtain chemicals of any sort in order to determine the kinematic viscosity of their fluid of interest. Examples of such industries include many marine-based systems where a laboratory does not exist on-board, mines where equipment is needed for on-the-spot determination of asset viscosity, and large industrial plants where a walk-around inspection of oil sumps greatly increases efficiency. By using this test method, one can serve these crucial use-cases where a direct, immediate measure of kinematic viscosity at 40 °C may otherwise be difficult to obtain.
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1.1 This test method describes a means for measuring the kinematic viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids such as new and in-service lubricating oils using a miniature microchannel viscometer at 40 °C in the range of 12.9 mm2/s to 174 mm2/s  
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1.3 This test method is specifically tailored to obtaining a rapid, direct, temperature- stabilized measure of the kinematic viscosity of new and in-service lubricants in the field in real- time without the use of solvents or chemical cleaning agents. The measurement takes place at 40 °C and kinematic viscosity is directly obtained. No temperature extrapolations or density corrections are necessary.  
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ASTM D7961-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calibrating U-tube Density Cells over Large Ranges of Temperature and Pressure

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5.1 This practice covers a series of methods offered to aid users in calibrating U-tube density meters to provide a measure of density and an associated expanded uncertainty. The reference density, as obtained from either an equation of state (EOS) or CRM has an uncertainty that arises from the uncertainty of the measurements of temperature, pressure, and also the chemical purity of the substance studied (origin) or for that matter of the certified reference material. This uncertainty results in an additional uncertainty for the density of these samples. Because the measurements made with U-tube density meters are not absolute, the uncertainty with which the instrument calibration is determined is directly related to the uncertainty of the density obtained.
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Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to assess the quality of crude oils.  
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15 °C.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for the measurement of the density of materials which are fluid at the desired test temperature. Its application is restricted to liquids of vapor pressures below 80 kPa (600 mm Hg) and viscosities below 40 000 mm2/s (cSt) at the test temperature. The method is designed for use at any temperature between 20 °C and 100 °C. It can be used at higher temperatures; however, in this case the precision section does not apply.  
Note 1: For the determination of density of materials which are fluid at normal temperatures, see Test Method D1217.  
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to specific gravity.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D2162-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Because there are surface tension or kinematic viscosity differences, or both, between the primary standard (7.4) and kinematic viscosity standards (7.5), special procedures using master viscometers are required to “step-up” from the kinematic viscosity of the primary standard to the kinematic viscosities of oil standards.  
5.2 Using master viscometers calibrated according to this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordance with Specifications D446.  
5.3 Using viscosity oil standards established in this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordance with Specifications D446.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of master viscometers and viscosity oil standards, both of which may be used to calibrate routine viscometers as described in Test Method D445 and Specifications D446 over the temperature range from 15 °C to 100 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 The SI-based units for calibration constants and kinematic viscosities are mm2/s2 and mm 2/s, respectively.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
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ASTM D7483-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Oscillating Piston Viscometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products, as well as non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants for bearings, gears, compressor cylinders, hydraulic equipment, etc. Proper operation of this equipment depends upon the viscosity of these liquids.  
5.2 Oscillating piston viscometers allow viscosity measurement of a broad range of materials including transparent, translucent and opaque liquids. The measurement principle and stainless steel construction makes the Oscillating Piston Viscometer resistant to damage and suitable for portable operations. The measurement itself is automatic and does not require an operator to time the oscillation of the piston. The electromagnetically driven piston mixes the sample while under test. The instrument requires a sample volume of less than 5 mL and typical solvent volume of less than 10 mL which minimizes cleanup effort and waste.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic viscosity and derivation of kinematic viscosity of liquids, such as new and in-service lubricating oils, by means of an oscillating piston viscometer.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids; however the precision statement was developed using Newtonian liquids.  
1.3 The range of dynamic viscosity covered by this test method is from 0.2 mPa·s to 20 000 mPa·s (which is approximately the kinematic viscosity range of 0.2 mm2/s to 22 000 mm2/s for new oils) in the temperature range between –40 °C to 190 °C; however the precision has been determined only for new and used oils in the range of 34 mPa·s to 1150 mPa·s at 40 °C, 5.7 mPa·s to 131 mPa·s at 100 °C, and 46.5 mm2/s to 436 mm2/s at 40 °C.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6616-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 100 °C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Viscosity at the shear rate and temperature of this test method is thought to be particularly representative of bearing conditions in large medium speed reciprocating engines as well as automotive and heavy duty engines operating in this temperature regime.  
5.2 The importance of viscosity under these conditions has been stressed in railroad specifications.  
5.3 For other industry needs this method may also be run at 80 °C by using different crossover calibration oils available from the manufacturer. No precision has been determined at this temperature. The equipment is also used at higher temperatures as shown in Test Method D4683 and CEC L-36-90 (also referenced from IP 370).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the viscosity of engine oils at 100 °C and 1·106s–1 using the Tapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) viscometer.2
Note 1: This test method is similar to Test Method D4683 which uses the same TBS viscometer to measure high shear viscosity at 150 °C.  
1.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to establish this test method range from approximately 5 mPa·s (cP) to 12 mPa·s (cP) at 100 °C and either the manual or automated protocol was used by each participant in developing the precision statement. The viscosity range of the test method at this temperature is from 1 mPa·s (cP) to above 25 mPa·s (cP), depending on the model of TBS.  
1.3 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish the shear rate of 1·106s–1 for this test method has a viscosity of approximately 10 mPa·s at 100 °C.  
1.4 Application to petroleum products other than engine oil has not been determined in preparing the viscometric information for this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. This test method uses the milliPascal second (mPa·s) as the unit of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centiPoise (cP), which is shown in parentheses.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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