ASTM D5860-95(2022)

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Effect of Water Repellent Treatments on Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Hydraulic Cement Mortar Specimens

ABSTRACT
This test method details the standard procedure for evaluating the effect of water repellent treatments on the freeze-thaw resistance of hydraulic cement mortar specimens. This test method is designed to compare the effectiveness of water repellent treatments under conditions of freezing and thawing only, intended as a laboratory screening method for treatment selection and may not accurately reflect the performance of treated and untreated specimens in the field. This procedure requires the use of a balance, corrosion-resistant aluminum metal pan, weight per litre (gallon) cup, freezing chamber, forced draft oven, and stiff-nylon-bristled brush. Mortar specimens are treated with or immersed in a water repellent material, removed, and allowed to cure. After air drying, the treated specimens are weighed then subjected to various cycles of freezing and thawing. Periodic weighing and observations are made to determine weight loss and deleterious effects such as spalling and cracking.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the comparative effect of water repellent treatments on the freeze-thaw cycling of hydraulic cement mortar specimens.  
1.2 This test method is designed to compare the effectiveness of water repellent treatments under conditions of freezing and thawing only. This test method is intended as a laboratory screening method for treatment selection and may not accurately reflect the performance of treated and untreated specimens in the field. This test method is not intended to duplicate field conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2021
• ICS: 91.100.10 - Cement. Gypsum. Lime. Mortar
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.47 - Concrete, Stone and Masonry Treatments

Relations

• Refers: ASTM C109/C109M-23 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 50 mm [2 in.] Cube Specimens)
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM E145-19 - Standard Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM C109/C109M-12 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2012
• Refers: ASTM D1475-98(2012) - Standard Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Refers: ASTM E145-94(2011) - Standard Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2011
• Refers: ASTM C109/C109M-11a - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Refers: ASTM C109/C109M-11 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2011
• Refers: ASTM C109/C109M-08 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2008
• Refers: ASTM D1475-98(2008) - Standard Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2008
• Refers: ASTM C109/C109M-07e1 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2007
• Refers: ASTM C109/C109M-07 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2007
• Refers: ASTM E145-94(2006) - Standard Specification for Gravity-Convection And Forced-Ventilation Ovens
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2006
• Refers: ASTM D1193-06 - Standard Specification for Reagent Water
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2006
• Refers: ASTM C109/C109M-05 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars(Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2005
• Refers: ASTM D1475-98(2003) - Standard Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2003

Overview

ASTM D5860-95(2022) - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Effect of Water Repellent Treatments on Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Hydraulic Cement Mortar Specimens outlines a laboratory procedure to evaluate and compare how water repellent treatments affect the freeze-thaw resistance of hydraulic cement mortar. Published and maintained by ASTM International, this test method is intended as a screening technique to guide the selection of water repellent treatments for mortar, focusing specifically on performance under controlled cycles of freezing and thawing. Users should note that the method is not intended to directly predict field performance, as it does not recreate actual on-site conditions.

Key Topics

• Test Objective: The primary goal is to determine the comparative effectiveness of various water repellent treatments in protecting hydraulic cement mortar specimens from damage caused by repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
• Test Procedure:
  • Mortar specimens cured for at least 28 days are treated with or immersed in a water repellent, dried, and weighed.
  • Specimens undergo repeated cycles involving freezing in a controlled chamber and thawing in water at room temperature.
  • The process includes periodic weighing and visual assessments for signs of spalling, cracking, or other deterioration.
• Equipment Used: The procedure utilizes essential laboratory instruments including a balance, corrosion-resistant aluminum tray, weight per volume cup, freezing chamber, forced draft oven, and stiff nylon-bristled brush.
• Specimen Evaluation:
  • After cycling, a visual rating system records surface conditions from no spalling to severe spalling and weight loss.
  • Changes in specimen weight are calculated to indicate the effectiveness of the treatment.
• Treatment Application: Treatments are applied following manufacturer instructions or specified coverage rates, ensuring comparability between products.

Applications

• Product Development: Manufacturers of water repellent treatments use this standard as a comparative tool to test and improve formulations targeting enhanced freeze-thaw durability.
• Quality Control: Laboratories and QA teams adopt this method for pre-qualifying water repellents before further field evaluation or application on concrete and masonry structures.
• Material Selection: Engineers, architects, and specifiers reference results from ASTM D5860 testing when selecting appropriate water repellent treatments for projects where freeze-thaw cycling may pose a risk to the longevity of hydraulic cement mortar installations.
• Research and Standards Compliance: Academic and industry researchers apply this method to investigate new materials or processes aimed at increased freeze-thaw resistance, ensuring consistent testing approaches in line with recognized ASTM procedures.

Related Standards

For comprehensive assessment of cement-based and water-repellent systems, the following ASTM standards are often referenced:

• ASTM C109/C109M - Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars
• ASTM D1193 - Specification for Reagent Water
• ASTM D1475 - Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products
• ASTM E145 - Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens

These related standards provide supporting procedures and material specifications frequently used alongside ASTM D5860 to ensure reliable and standardized lab testing. Consistently referencing established ASTM standards assures compliance with internationally recognized principles for the development of standards, supporting global quality and trade.

Keywords: ASTM D5860, water repellent treatments, freeze-thaw resistance, hydraulic cement mortar, laboratory test, spalling, cracking, standardized testing methods.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5860 − 95 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of the Effect of Water Repellent Treatments on
Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5860; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1193Specification for Reagent Water
D1475Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the
and Related Products
comparative effect of water repellent treatments on the freeze-
E145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-
thaw cycling of hydraulic cement mortar specimens.
Ventilation Ovens
1.2 This test method is designed to compare the effective-
ness of water repellent treatments under conditions of freezing
3. Terminology
and thawing only. This test method is intended as a laboratory
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
screening method for treatment selection and may not accu-
3.1.1 water repellent treatment, n—atransparentpenetrating
rately reflect the performance of treated and untreated speci-
sealer or surface-applied treatment formulated for the purpose
mens in the field. This test method is not intended to duplicate
of protecting porous substrates by reducing the penetration of
field conditions.
liquid water.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information 4. Summary of Test Method
only.
4.1 Mortar specimens are treated with or immersed in a
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
water repellent material, removed, and allowed to cure. After
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
airdrying,thetreatedspecimensareweighedthensubjectedto
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
various cycles of freezing and thawing. Periodic weighing and
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
observationsaremadetodetermineweightlossanddeleterious
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
effects such as spalling and cracking.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 5. Apparatus
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5.1 Balance, having a capacity of not less than 400 g and a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
sensitivity of 0.1 g.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5.2 Corrosion-resistant Metal Pan, that is, aluminum, for
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
immersion of substrates.
2. Referenced Documents
5.3 Weight per Litre (Gallon) Cup.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.4 Freezing Chamber, capable of maintaining−19.2 6
C109/C109MTest Method for Compressive Strength of
1.4°C (−2.5 6 2.5°F).
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50 mm] Cube
5.5 Forced Draft Oven, capable of maintaining 110 65°C
Specimens)
(230 6 9°F).
5.6 Stiff-nylon-bristled Brush.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.47 on Concrete, Stone and Masonry Treatments.
6. Test Materials
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2022. Published January 2022. Originally
6.1 50-mm (2-in.) mortar cubes greater than 28-days old,
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D5860–95(2013).
DOI: 10.1520/D5860-95R22.
and prepared in accordance with procedures outlined in Test
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Method C109/C109M, have been found suitable for this test
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
method. These cubes should be brushed with a wire brush or
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. lightly sand blasted to remove form oil or release agent before
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5860 − 95 (2022)
TABLE 1 Visual Rating System
using. Five test specimens will be used for each treatment, and
five untreated controls shall also be included for each test.All Rating Condition
cubes should come from the same lot of material. 0 No spalling
1 Fine cracks (less than or equal to 0.004 in. (0.01 cm)
NOTE 1—Preferably, rather than make each cube individually, a large in width) visible on surface
cake can be made. 25-mm (1-in.) should be cut off each face of the cake 2 Heavy cracks (greater than 0.004 in. (0.01 cm) in
width) visible on surface
to remove any residual form release oil. Cubes are cut from the cake to
3 Heavy cracks visible on surface, with faces bulging
measure 50 by 50 by 50 mm (2 by 2 by 2 in.) to be used as mortar
4 Moderate spalling
specimens.
5 Severe spalling and loss in weight
6.2 Water repellent treatments.
7. Procedure 7.7 Remove tray(s) from the freezing chamber and
...