CEN/TS 14778-2:2005
(Main)Solid biofuels - Sampling - Part 2: Methods for sampling particulate material transported in lorries
Solid biofuels - Sampling - Part 2: Methods for sampling particulate material transported in lorries
This Technical Specification describes methods for taking samples of solid biofuels that are transported in lorries, and is applicable to solid biofuels that are either:
- fine and regularly-shaped particulate materials, particle sizes up to about 10 mm that can be sampled using a scoop, for example: sawdust, olive stones and wood pellets;
- coarse or irregularly-shaped particulate materials, particle sizes up to about 200 mm that can be sampled using a fork or shovel, for example: wood chips and nut shells, forest residue chips, and loose straw.
It may be used, for example, when the samples are to be tested for bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, moisture content, ash content, ash melting behaviour, calorific value, chemical composition and impurities. It is not intended for obtaining the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties. It does not provide any information on how often lorry-loads should be selected for sampling.
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Probenahme - Teil 2: Verfahren zur Probenahme von Schüttgut bei Anlieferung in Lastkraftwagen
Diese Technische Spezifikation legt Verfahren zur Probenahme von festen Biobrennstoffen, die in
Lastkraftwagen angeliefert werden und eines der folgenden Merkmale aufweisen, fest:
. feine und regelmäßig geformte aus Teilchen bestehende Stoffe mit einer Teilchengröße bis etwa 10 mm,
von denen mit einem Löffel Proben entnommen werden können, zum Beispiel: Sägespäne, Olivenkerne
und Holzpellets;
. grobe oder unregelmäßig geformte aus Teilchen bestehende Stoffe mit einer Teilchengröße bis etwa
200 mm, von denen mit einer Gabel oder einer Schaufel Proben entnommen werden können, zum
Beispiel: Holzhackschnitzel und Nussschalen, Waldholzhackschnitzel und loses Stroh.
Die Verfahren dürfen zum Beispiel angewendet werden, wenn die Proben im Hinblick auf Schüttdichte,
Dauerhaftigkeit, Teilchengrößenverteilung, Wasser- und Aschegehalt, Ascheschmelzverhalten, Energieinhalt,
chemische Zusammensetzung und Verunreinigungen zu prüfen sind. Die Verfahren sind nicht für das
Herstellen der für die Prüfung von Brückenbildungseigenschaften erforderlichen sehr großen Proben
vorgesehen. Es bietet keine Angaben zur Häufigkeit, mit der LKW-Ladungen für eine Probenahme
auszuwählen sind.
Biocombustibles solides - Echantillonnage - Partie 2: Méthodes d'échantillonnage des matériaux particulaires transportés par poids lourds
Trdna biogoriva – Vzorčenje – 2. del: Metode vzorčenja trdnih snovi, ki se prevažajo s tovornjaki
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2005
7UGQDELRJRULYD±9]RUþHQMH±GHO 0HWRGHY]RUþHQMDWUGQLKVQRYLNLVH
SUHYDåDMRVWRYRUQMDNL
Solid biofuels - Sampling - Part 2: Methods for sampling particulate material transported
in lorries
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Probenahme - Teil 2: Verfahren zur Probenahme von Schüttgut
bei Anlieferung in Lastkraftwagen
Biocombustibles solides - Echantillonnage - Partie 2: Méthodes d'échantillonnage des
matériaux particulaires transportés par poids lourds
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 14778-2:2005
ICS:
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 14778-2
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
August 2005
ICS 75.160.10
English Version
Solid biofuels - Sampling - Part 2: Methods for sampling
particulate material transported in lorries
Biocombustibles solides - Echantillonnage - Partie 2: Feste Biobrennstoffe - Probenahme - Teil 2: Verfahren zur
Méthodes d'échantillonnage des matériaux particulaires Probenahme von Schüttgut bei Anlieferung in
transportés par poids lourds Lastkraftwagen
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 19 March 2005 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 14778-2:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction.4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions.5
4 Symbols and abbreviations.7
5 Principle of correct sampling.7
6 Sampling plan .7
7 Apparatus for sampling.8
8 Method for sampling from a tipped heap .13
9 Method for sampling during tipping.14
10 Method for sampling from a bunker .14
11 Preparation of samples .14
12 Marking, storing and transport of samples.14
13 Certificate of sampling .15
Bibliography.16
Foreword
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS 14778-2:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee
CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this CEN Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and United Kingdom.
Introduction
Biofuels are a major source of renewable energy. Technical Specifications are needed for production, trade
and use of solid biofuels. For sampling and sample preparation of biofuels the following Technical
Specifications can be used:
CEN/TS 14778-1, Solid biofuels - Sampling – Part 1: Methods for sampling
CEN/TS 14778-2, Solid Biofuels - Sampling – Part 2: Methods for sampling particulate material transported in
lorries
CEN/TS 14779, Solid biofuels – Sampling – Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates
CEN/TS 14780, Solid biofuels - Methods for sample preparation
Current practice and the best available knowledge have been used to write these Technical Specifications.
The results of recent sampling experiments may be used to improve the sampling plans.
These Technical Specifications can be used by production and trading of solid biofuels. They are also useful
for buyers of solid biofuels, regulators, controllers and laboratories.
1 Scope
This Technical Specification describes methods for taking samples of solid biofuels that are transported in
lorries, and is applicable to solid biofuels that are either:
fine and regularly-shaped particulate materials, particle sizes up to about 10 mm that can be sampled
using a scoop, for example: sawdust, olive stones and wood pellets;
coarse or irregularly-shaped particulate materials, particle sizes up to about 200 mm that can be sampled
using a fork or shovel, for example: wood chips and nut shells, forest residue chips, and loose straw.
It may be used, for example, when the samples are to be tested for bulk density, durability, particle size
distribution, moisture content, ash content, ash melting behaviour, calorific value, chemical composition and
impurities. It is not intended for obtaining the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.
It does not provide any information on how often lorry-loads should be selected for sampling.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
CEN/TS 14588, Solid biofuels – Terminology, definitions and description.
CEN/TS 14774-1, Solid biofuels – Methods for determination of moisture content – Oven dry method – Part 1:
Total moisture – Reference method.
CEN/TS 14774-2, Solid biofuels – Methods for determination of moisture content – Oven dry method – Part 2:
Total moisture – Simplified procedure.
CEN/TS 14779:2005, Solid biofuels – Method for preparing sampling plans and sampling certificates.
CEN/TS 14780:2005, Solid biofuels – Methods for sample preparation.
CEN/TS 15149 (all parts), Solid biofuels – Methods for the determination of particle size distribution.
ISO 13909-8, Hard coal and coke – Mechanical sampling – Part 8: Methods of testing for bias.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Technical Specification, the terms and definitions given in CEN/TS 14588 and the
following apply.
3.1
combined sample
sample consisting of all the increments taken from a sub-lot
NOTE The increments may be reduced by division before being added to the combined sample.
3.2
common sample
sample collected for more than one intended use
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
3.3
general analysis sample
sub-sample of a laboratory sample having a nominal top size of 1 mm or less and used for a number of
chemical and physical analyses
3.4
increment
portion of fuel extracted in a single operation of the sampling device
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
3.5
laboratory sample
combined sample or a sub-sample of a combined sample or an increment or a sub-sample of an increment
sent to a laboratory
3.6
lot
defined quantity of fuel for which the quality is to be determined
NOTE 1 See also sub-lot.
NOTE 2 Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
3.7
mass-reduction
reduction of the mass of a sample or sub-sample
3.8
moisture analysis sample
sample taken specifically for the purpose of determining total moisture according to CEN/TS 14774-1 and
CEN/TS 14774-2
3.9
nominal top size
aperture size of the sieve used in the CEN/TS 15149 method for determining the particle size distribution of
solid biofuels through which at least 95 % by mass of the material passes
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
3.10
sample
quantity of material, representative of a larger quantity for which the quality is to be determined
3.11
size analysis sample
sample taken specifically for the purpose of determining particle size distribution
3.12
size-reduction
reduction of the nominal top size of a sample or sub-sample
3.13
sub-lot
part of a lot for which a test result is required
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
EXAMPLE Consider a power station that receives 20 lorry-loads of wood chips a day. Every single lorry-load is
tested for moisture content. One lorry-load is selected at random for other tests. In this example, the lot could be the
quantity of fuel delivered in a day (20 lorry-loads) and the sub-lot could be a single lorry-load.
3.14
sub-sample
portion of a sample
3.15
test portion
sub-sample of a laboratory sample consisting of the quantity of material required for a single execution of a
test method
4 Symbols and abbreviations
d nominal top size of the biofuel, mm
H height of a sampling tool, mm
H’ height to which a sampling box is filled in practice, mm
L length of a sampling tool, mm
V volume of a sample or increment, litre
W width of a sampling tool, mm
5 Principle of correct sampling
The main principle of sampling is to get a representative sample (samples) from the whole lot concerned.
Every particle in the lot or sub-lot to be represented by the sample should have an equal probability of being
included in the sample. When this principle cannot be applied in practice, the sampler shall note the limitations
in the sampling plan.
6 Sampling plan
A written sampling plan shall be prepared, before samples are taken, according to CEN/TS 14779.
The plan takes into account single lorry loads and continuous delivery of one source.
The sampling plan may require that each lorry-load to be sampled is inspected visually before sampling, and,
if it consists of a mixture of substantially different materials, or if it contains lumps of unwanted material (such
as soil or pieces of metal) this shall be reported immediately to the appropriate body according to the contract.
The sampler shall proceed with the sampling if requested to do so by the appropriate party. The minimum
number of increments to be taken from a lot or a sub-lot shall be calculated from equation 1.
n = 5 + 0,040 × M (1)
lot
where
n is the minimum permitted number of increments, round off to the nearest whole number;
M is the mass of the lot or sub-lot in tonnes.
lot
NOTE 1 The minimum of five increments is to be taken regardless if it is discharged in a bunker or in another stationary
spot.
The number of increments taken to form each combined sample shall be not less than five. The actual number
of increments taken shall be calculated according to the method described in Clause 5 of CEN/TS 14779:2005
so that a sufficiently large combined sample is taken to provide enough material for all the tests to be
performed.
NOTE 2 The results of sampling experiments will be used to provide guidance on the number of sampling increments
to take.
The sampling tool shall have a capacity of not less than:
V = 0,5 for d ≤ 10 (2)
min
V = 0,05 × d for d ≥ 10 (3)
min
Where
V is the minimum capacity of the sampling tool, litre
min
d is the nominal top size, mm
The sampler shall establish and record the approximate capacity of the sampling tool V in litres.
Increment
The capacity of the sampling tool is calculated by the appropriate formula in Clause 7.
If it is required to reduce increments by division before they are added to a combined sample, then this shall
be stated in the sampling plan together with the volume of the divided increments.
7 Apparatus for sampling
7.1 Sampling box
The sampling box shall have a square or rectangular opening at the top. The width W of the top of the
sampling box shall be at least 2,5
...
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